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Consortium on Process in porous Media Foam experiments at high temperature And high salinity

Consortium on Process in porous Media Foam experiments at high temperature And high salinity Jos é López Maura Puerto Clarence Miller George Hirasaki 03/14/2011. Outline : Oil properties and oil preparation: IFT Viscosity of simulated live crude oil Salinity issues in the system:

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Consortium on Process in porous Media Foam experiments at high temperature And high salinity

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  1. Consortium on Process in porous Media Foam experiments at high temperature And high salinity José López Maura Puerto Clarence Miller George Hirasaki 03/14/2011

  2. Outline: • Oil properties and oil preparation: • IFT • Viscosity of simulated live crude oil • Salinity issues in the system: • Analysis of synthetic bines • Foam experiments: • Surfactants used • Apparatus description • Mapping corefloods • Foam results • Foam with crude oil

  3. Part I Oil properties and oil preparation Crude oil needs to be free of contaminants and should simulate live oil

  4. IFT measurements to screen contaminated samples Crude 1 Crude 2 Crude 3 Crude 4 Oil-Brine IFT range * The crude oils must be free of surface active materials such as emulsion breaker, scale inhibitor, or rust inhibitor. A simple test to verify contamination of the oil samples is to measure the interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil with synthetic brine ** 1.65 mm * John R. Fanchi Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation 3 rd edition 2006 Elsevier ** G. Hirasaki and D.L. Zhang, "Surface Chemistry of Oil Recovery from Fractured, Oil-Wet, Carbonate Formations," SPEJ (June 2004) 151-162. Vdrop=0.0608 cm3

  5. Simulated live crude oil Iso-octane was used for making a simulated live oil, i.e., with the same viscosity at reservoir temperature, as suggested by Nelson (1983). However, adding isooctane to the dead crude oil produced precipitation of asphaltenes. Ratios of crude oil:isooctane ranging from 4:1 to 9:1 at room temperature show immediate precipitation of asphaltenes. Cyclohexane was mixed at room temperature with minimal precipitation of asphaltenes. Then this solvent was used to modify the viscosity of the dead crude oil to obtain simulated live crude oil with the same viscosity of the live crude oil. Dead crude oil Live crude oil Adapted from Core Laboratories, Inc Page 10 of 15, File: RFL 81350 (Dallas, TX)

  6. Viscosity of mixtures of dead crude oil and Cyclohexane measured in the falling sphere viscometer at 113.9 °C IRS Dead crude Oil m = 2.8cP Cyclohexane The mol fraction of (Crude 1) dead crude oil to match the viscosity of live crude oil is 0.59. This experiment was conducted in a sealed falling sphere viscometer. The mol fraction was calculated using a molecular weight for the crude oil of 303 kg/kg-mol Every experimental point is the Average of 20 measurements Precision error less than 3% A=2.614,B= - 0.89 Lopez et al Viscometer for Opaque, Sealed Microemulsion Samples, SPE 121575 (2009) IRS : inductive ring sensors

  7. Results of the simulated live crude oil Dead crude oil mass percentage 83.7%, the rest is cyclohexane. Viscosities at 114 °C Cyclohexane 16.3% mass = 18.7% volume = 41.25% mol (*) Via Benzene point depression (Core Labs)

  8. Remarks of part I • Crude oils are free of surface active materials such as emulsion breaker, scale inhibitor, or rust inhibitor. • Dead crude oil was mixed with cyclohexane to match viscosity of the live crude oil.

  9. Part II SALINITY of Brines used in the experiment Brines should be under saturated in order to prevent precipitation

  10. Incremental solubility of CaSO4 (ScaleChem)* For synthetic formation brine Temperature of experiments 94°C • The sea water has an equivalent of 1.6147 g of CaS04 per kilogram of water (*) • The formation brine has an equivalent of 0.718 g of CaSO4 per kilogram of water (*) • Incremental solubility is the additional CaSO4 needed to saturate the brine

  11. Part III Foam experiments

  12. Experimental set up Second section First section

  13. SURFACTANTS Triton X-200, Alkyl Aryl poly (ethylenoxy) sulfonate C9H19 (-O-C2H4)8.6-SO3- Na+ Hydrophilic surfactant CH3 CH3 | | C20-24 IOS, Internal Olefine sulfonate Hydroxyalkane Sulfonates + Alkene Sulfonates — (OCH2CH2) 9.5 OH H3C— C —CH2 — C — SO3-Na SO3-Na │ │ R-CH2-CH2-CH –CH -CH2-CH2-R’ + R-CH2 – CH-CH= CH-CH2-R’ │ OH | | CH3 CH3 Lipophilic surfactant CH3(CH2)n(CH2)2CH(SO3Na)CH(OH)(CH2)2(CH2)mCH3n+m=14 Triton X-100 Octylphenol ethylene oxide condensate

  14. Initial foam experiments Objective: Understand how foam performs with and without oil Using surfactant blends with aid of mapping corefloods concept

  15. ← Sea Water 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Stronger foam 1 5 • Type I • Desirable • Surfactant propagation • Foam formation 6 2 3 High oil recovery Low oil recovery 7 Type II Undesirable

  16. Oil recovery comparison FB-SW SW SW SW FB FB

  17. Remarks from previous foam experiments Stronger foam was generated when Triton X-200 to IOS ratio was higher Stronger foam was generated at lower salinity Higher oil recoveries were obtained when injection composition was in the Type I region and far from injecting at formation brine . Foam is weaker when crude oil is present Phase behavior map (surfactant blend – brine blend) can be used to plan core flood experiments

  18. New foam experiments Objective: Understand how foam performs with new formulations

  19. SURFACTANTS for Rice Formulation Avanel S70 C12-15H25-31 (-O-C2H4)7-SO3- Na+ Hydrophilic surfactant C20-24 IOS, Internal Olefine sulfonate Hydroxyalkane Sulfonates + Alkene Sulfonates SO3-Na SO3-Na │ │ R-CH2-CH2-CH –CH -CH2-CH2-R’ + R-CH2 – CH-CH= CH-CH2-R’ │ OH Lipophilic surfactant CH3(CH2)n(CH2)2CH(SO3Na)CH(OH)(CH2)2(CH2)mCH3n+m=14

  20. 90°C Type II 21

  21. New Rice Blend Surfactant at 1% in sea water: Avanel S70 / C20-24 IOS (60/40) Second section Inlet → ←First Section ←Second section First section Foam was generated at selected test conditions in both zones, 94°C

  22. Foam Experiment (Effect of liquid flow ) Surfactant Avanel S70 C20-24 IOS (60:40) at 1% mass in sea water using gas N2 The first and the second sections were able to produce strong foam, the exception was for a flowrate of 0.25 cm3/min of liquid, producing only foam in the first section of the sand pack. Gas flow rate is reported in sccm. Liquid superficial velocities were in the range from 2.8 to 11.5 ft/day

  23. Foam Experiment (Effect of gas flow ) Surfactant Avanel S70- C20-24 IOS (60:40) at 1% mass in sea water using gas N2 The first and the second sections were able to produce strong foam, the exception was for a flowrate of 0.25 cm3/min of liquid, producing only foam in the first section of the sand pack.

  24. Case: Cutting the liquid flow rate (verification of importance of liquid rate) Second section First section 1 Liquid PV = 116 min @ 0.5 cm3/min

  25. Effluent of the foam generated with the New Rice Blend.

  26. Remarks from new foam experiments New Rice Blend produced strong foam at 1% mass in sea water through silica sand.

  27. Acknowledgements Consortium on Process in porous Media PEMEX Roberto RoccaFundation ITESM

  28. End

  29. Backup slides

  30. Conditions Experiment 7 • Initial residual oil (20%) • Absolute permeability 132.7 darcy • KW,RO=35.0 darcy (rel perm 0.24) • KO,IW=86.73 darcy (rel perm 0.65)

  31. Experiment 6 Oil Recovery Exp 6

  32. Experiment 6

  33. Experiment 6

  34. Experiment 6

  35. Injection Volume quality

  36. P > 2 atm

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