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Tea

Tea. Camellia sinensis. Hannah Lindquist. http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/ chinese-tea/chinese-tea-art.htm. Outline. Background History of tea Early history Introduction to Europe Development of tea industries Tea consumption Tea cultures Health effects Tea today

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Tea

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  1. Tea Camellia sinensis Hannah Lindquist http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/ chinese-tea/chinese-tea-art.htm

  2. Outline • Background • History of tea • Early history • Introduction to Europe • Development of tea industries • Tea consumption • Tea cultures • Health effects • Tea today • Tea production • Environmental impacts of production • Transnational corporations • Alternative strategies

  3. Background:Camellia sinensis http://www.equalexchange.coop/india http://www.kokomotea.com/culturestatic-1.php

  4. Early History of Tea • How old is tea consumption? • Legend: 2732 B.C.E. • Chewed by monkeys and humans • Religious importance • Originally cultivated in monasteries as a medicinal herb • Introduction into secular society • Diffusion through Asia • Tea bricks as currency • Introduction to Japan at end of 6th century Yak butter tea http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul_ark/3843728507/

  5. Tea Comes to Europe • Tea is introduced to Europe in 1610 • European tea trade with China becomes easier in the late 1600s and early 1700s • Improvements in sea travel • The joint stock company • British tea trade with China • East India Company • Excise taxes on tea imports • Smuggling

  6. Development of Tea Industries • Gaining independence from the tea trade with China and developing tea estates • Influence of the industrial and agricultural revolutions • Dutch • British: India, Ceylon, Africa Assam Ceylon (Sri Lanka) http://www.thp.org/where_we_work/south_asia/india/map/assam

  7. Tea Cultures • Japanese tea ceremony • Development of British tea culture • Originally a luxury commodity • Displacement of coffee • Effects on women • Proletarian hunger-killer Japanese tea ceremony http://www.holymtn.com/tea/Japanesetea.htm

  8. “The Tea Gardens,” 1778 “The Afternoon Tea Party” http://www.teaspirit.com/2006/12/10/the-afternoon-tea-party-frederic-soulacroix/ http://www.beatricehohenegger.com/_font_face__garamond___font_size_4__br_liquid_jade__the_story_of_tea_from_east_t_57579.htm

  9. Tea Cultures • Creation of markets in India • Tea consumption today in the U.S. An Indian billboard advertisement for tea http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030115/biz.htm

  10. Tea and Human Health • Studies on effects of tea consumption on: • Cancer incidence • Heart disease incidence • Other health effects http://www.saidaonline.com/en/newsgfx/green-tea.jpg

  11. Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor

  12. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor

  13. Top exporters in 2007: Kenya, China, India, Sri Lanka http://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx

  14. Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor

  15. Lipton tea estate in Kenya http://www.liptont.com/tea_experts/sustainability/national_geographic.aspx

  16. Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor

  17. Withering Trays used for fermentation Rolling http://hojotea.com/item_e/b07e.htm

  18. Tea Packing Company http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/pages.asp?page_id=30&parent_id=18

  19. Tea Production Today • World production • Growing and harvesting tea • Processing tea • Labor

  20. Environmental Impacts of Tea Production • Loss of biodiversity • Soil • Agrochemicals • Fuel for tea processing http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/289001/108338/A-farmer-spraying-pesticide-on-tea-leaves-in-Sonepur-India http://discoveringkorea.com/2008/12/03/boseong-green-tea/

  21. Transnational Corporations • Unilever • Tata Tea http://www.tata.com/images/article/tata_tea_packs.jpg http://www.liptont.com/our_products/tea_explorer/index.aspx

  22. Sustainabili-TEA:More than a predictable pun I found on Bigelow’s website?

  23. Ethical Production

  24. Sources Atapattu, N. S. B. M., and K. P. Wickramasinghe 2007 The Use of Refused Tea as Litter Material for Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science 86(5):968-972. Banerjee, G.D. and Srijeet Banerji 2008 Global Tea Trade: Dimensions and Dynamics. Delhi, India: Abhijeet Publications. Bio Foods (Pvt) Ltd. 2010 The Story of Bio Foods (Pvt) Ltd. http://www.biofoodslk.com/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=53, accessed May 1, 2010. Chapagain, A. K., and A. Y. Hoekstra 2007 The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands. Ecological Economics 64(1):109-118. Choice Organic Teas 2010a Our Certifications. http://www.choiceorganicteas.com/certifications.htm, accessed April 28, 2010. — 2010b Our Company. http://www.choiceorganicteas.com/company.htm, accessed May 1, 2010. Equal Exchange, Inc. 2010a Farmer Partners. http://www.equalexchange.coop/farmer-partners, accessed April 28, 2010. — 2010b Organic Tea. http://www.equalexchange.coop/organic-tea, accessed May 1, 2010. Ethical Tea Partnership 2009 Partnership. http://www.ethicalteapartnership.org/pages.asp?page_id=20&parent _id=20, accessed April 30, 2010. Fernando, Maxwell 2001 The Geography of Tea. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Standard Trading Co.

  25. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2008a Top exports - Tea - 2007. http://faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx, accessed April 27, 2010. — 2008b Top production - Tea - 2007. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx, accessed April 27, 2010. — 2009a Area Harvested (Ha). http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor, accessed April 21, 2010. — 2009b Production (tonnes). http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor, accessed April 21, 2010. Gardella, Robert 1994 Harvesting Mountains: Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937. Berkeley: University of California Press. Good Earth Company 2010 About Us. http://www.goodearthteas.com/about.html, accessed April 28, 2010. Gupta, Manas Das 1999 Labour in Tea Gardens. Delhi, India: Gyan Sagar Publications. Hazarika, Lakshmi K., Mantu Bhuyan, and Budhindra N. Hazarika 2009 Insect Pests of Tea and Their Management. Annual Review of Entomology 54(1):267-284. Hohenegger, Beatrice 2006 Liquid Jade: The Story of Tea from East to West. New York: St. Martin's Press. International Union of Food Workers 2007 Unilever & Tata Tea: pruning workers, reaping profits http://asianfoodworker.net/ ?p=7, accessed May 1, 2010. Lipton 2009 Sustainable Development. http://www.lipton.com/en_en/Sustainable_Development -3,22.aspx#LiptonTeaGardens-3,171, accessed May 2, 2010. Liu, Andrew B. 2010 The Birth of a Noble Tea Country: on The Geography of Colonial Capital and The Origins of Indian Tea. Journal of Historical Sociology 23(1):73-100. Macfarlane, Alan and Iris Macfarlane 2003 The Empire of Tea: The Remarkable History of the Plant that Took Over the World. New York: The Overlook Press. Mintz, Sidney W. 1985 Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Penguin. Moxham, Roy 2004 Tea: Addiction, Exploitation and Empire. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.

  26. R.C. Bigelow, Inc. 2009a Bigelow Tea Community Involvement. http://www.bigelowtea.com/our-story/community-involvement.aspx, accessed April 28, 2010. — 2009b Bigelow Tea Sustainability. http://www.bigelowtea.com/ourstory/sustainability. aspx, accessed April 28, 2010. R.Twining and Company Limited 2010a Tea production. http://www.twinings.co.uk/about-us/tea-production/, accessed April 30, 2010. — 2010b Tea with standards. http://www.twinings.co.uk/about-us/tea-with-standards/, accessed April 28, 2010. Schivelbusch, Wolfgang 1992 Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants. D. Jacobson, transl. New York: Pantheon Books. Sen, Benoy B., ed. 2008 Origin and Development of Tea. Guwahati, India: EBH Publishers. Sood, Chitra, Shivani Jaggi, Vipin Kumar, SD Ravindranath and Adarsh Shanker 2004 How manufacturing processes affect the level of pesticide residues in tea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84(15):2123–2127. Tetley GB Limited Ethical Sourcing. http://www.tetley.com/Tetleycom/ResponsibleBusiness/ EthicalTrade/, accessed May 1, 2010. The Hain Celestial Group 2010 Social Responsibility. http://www.celestialseasonings.com/about/community/ social-responsibility.html, accessed April 28, 2010. The Stash Tea Company 2009 Green Initiatives. http://www.stashtea.com/green+initiatives.aspx, accessed April 28, 2010. Trevisanato, Siro I., and Young-In Kim 2000 Tea and health. Nutrition Reviews 58(1):1. Unilever 2010a Commitment to Sustainability. http://www.liptont.com/tea_experts/sustainability/ index.aspx, accessed April 28, 2010. — 2010b Sustainable tea. http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/environment/agriculture/ tea/index.aspx, accessed May 1, 2010. World Wildlife Fund Agriculture and Environment: Tea. http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ agriculture_impacts/tea/, accessed April 21, 2010. Yang, Chung S. and Janelle M. Landau 2000 Effects of Tea Consumption on Nutrition and Health. Journal of Nutrition 130(10):2409. Yogi™ 2009 The Natural Goodness of Yogi. http://www.yogiproducts.com/our-story/yogi-commitment/, accessed April 28, 2010.

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