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Understanding the Integumentary System: Skin, Structure, and Functions

The integumentary system is essential for protecting the body, regulating temperature, and providing sensory information. This comprehensive overview covers the skin as the largest organ, its layers (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous), and the various epithelial tissues involved. Key functions include waterproofing, waste excretion, and housing sensory receptors. The dermis contains vital structures such as sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, all of which play significant roles in overall health. Understanding these components is crucial for recognizing skin conditions and promoting skin health.

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Understanding the Integumentary System: Skin, Structure, and Functions

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  1. Integumentary System P&A Unit 6

  2. I. Integumentary System Intro • A. Organ involved • 1. skin: largest organ of the body • B. other parts involved: • 1. sweat glands • 2. hair • 3. pores • 4. sebaceous (oil) glands

  3. C. functions of the skin • 1. protective covering • 2. waterproof • 3. regulates body temp • 4. houses sensory receptors • 5. excretes small amount of waste: sweat

  4. II. Skin & its tissues: • A. skin has 3 layers: • 1. epidermis • 3. dermis • 3. subcutaneous • B. skin (epithelial) tissue types • ** Not all are located in skin – some on organs • -- but always are exposed to a free surface • 1. reproduce quickly • 2. heal quickly • 3. connective tissue is always underneath

  5. C. Types of epithelial tissue • 1. simple squamous • Thin flat cells • Line lung air sacs • Line capillaries/blood vessels • 2. simple cuboidal • Single layer/ cube shaped • Covers ovaries/ kidney tubules • Covers glands • Functions to secrete gland products

  6. 3. simple columnar • Elonged single cells • Lining of uterus and digestive tract • Secretes digestive fluids and absorb nutrients • 4. Pseodostratified columnar • APPEAR layered, but are NOT • Usually have cilia on ends • Line passageways of respiratory system and reproductive system • Sticky to trap things

  7. 5. stratified squamous • Many layers of thick cells • ** forms outer layer of skin epidermis • Old cells produce Keratin • Produces dry, hardened outer covering • Also lines mouth cavity • 6. Transitional epithelium • Stretchable • Forms inner lining of urinary bladder

  8. C. Epidermis • 1. composed of stratified squamous • 2. lacks blood vessels • 3. stratum basale • - lowest layer of epidermis which is nourished by dermis blood vessels • 4. as stratum basale cells divide, older ones are pushed up • 5. older cells become KERATINIZED • -proten, H2O proof coating

  9. 6. dead cells accumulate on surface and form stratum corneum • 7. Function of stratum corneum • Protection from: • Water loss • Chemicals • Mechanical injury • Disease agents

  10. 8. contain MELANOCYTES • Def: cells that produce melanin • Melanin – pigment which absorb sunlight protecting other cells • 9. Skin color • ** All humans have basically the same number of melanocytes • -- it is the amount of pigment the cells produce that gives us our skin color • Genes determine how much pigment the melanocytes produce

  11. D. Dermis • 1. binds epidermis to underlying tissues • 2. composed of fibrous connective tissue • - tissue has COLLAGEN & ELASTIN in it • Gives strength and elasticity • 3. many blood vessels to supply nutrients • - aid in regulating body temp • Vasoconstrication • Vasodilation

  12. 4. Houses: • Nerve fibers • Sensory receptors • Hair follicles • Sebaceous (oil) glands • Sweat glands

  13. E. Subcutaneous • 1. lies beneath dermis • 2. mostly loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue • 3. collagen & elastin fibers continue from dermis • 4. NO sharp boundary b/w dermis & subcutaneous • 5. adipose tissue = INSULATION • 6. contains MANY blood vessels

  14. ASSIGNMENT • DUE THURSDAY APRIL 1 • 1. Inteview someone who has/had skin cancer • Tell their story • Diagnosis • Treatment • What type • How every effected them OR

  15. 2. Report on different types of skin cancer • What distinguished them • Severities • Detection • OR

  16. 3. Prevention and treatment of skin cancer • 2 pages • Double spaced • DUE THURSDAY APRIL 1

  17. III. Accessory Organs of the skin • A. hair follicles • 1. hair on all skin surface except: • Palms, soles, lips, and external reproductive organs • 2. hair follicle • Def: group of epidermal cells in a tubelike depression from which hair originates • ROOT of hair is inside follicle • Root is only part of hair alive • This is wear cell division takes place • 3. Older cells are pushed up and outward and become KERATINIZED = dead cells • Protein coat, hardened • We don’t feel pain when hair is cut, but do when hair is pulled

  18. 4. arrectorpili muscle is attached to each follicle • If muscle contracts = hair stands up = goose bumps • Produce heat to warm up body • 5. Hair color is determined by amount of melenin produced by melanocyte near follicle • 6. delayed-action gene • Causes gray hair – less melanin production • 7. Lanugo • Hairy cloak of babies - mostly premies

  19. B. Sebaceous glands • 1. group of special epithelial cells associated w/ hair follicles • 2. produce oily secretions = SEBUM • Mixture of adipose (oil) & dead cells • 3. Keeps hair and skin: • Soft • Pliable • Waterproof • 4. milia • Sebaceous glands to not release sebum in utero • After birth, glands/pores may become clogged • Little white bumps/pimples

  20. C. Nails • 1. keratinized stratified squamous • 2. cells are forms in NAIL ROOT • Proximal end of nail • LUNULA – ½ moon, is part of root • 3. nail lies in nail bed

  21. D. sweat glands • 1. occur all over skin • Most numerous in palms and soles • 2. each gland has coil shaped proximal end • Contains sweat secreting epithelial cells • 3. Apocrine glands • Special sweat glands which respond to emotional stress and a person who is upset, frightened or in pain • Most numerous in groin, armpits – associated with hair follicles • 3. Eccrine glands • NOT associated with hair follicles • Respond to increase in temperature and exercise • Forehead, neck, back

  22. 5. Sweat pores • Opening in skin which a SWEAT DUCT leads to and sweats exits • Sweat is H2O, urea, uric acid

  23. IV. Body Temp Regulations • - cells produce heat constantly – must get rid of heat constantly in order to maintain homeostasis • A. When heat production is excessive: • 1. blood vessels dilate – heat escapes • 2. NS stimulates Eccrine glands to become active • Sweat = cooling effect • B. If body is too cold: • 1. blood vessels constrict • 2. sweat glands become inactive • 3. muscles contract = shiver = heat production • 4. ArectorPili muscles contract = goose bumps • 5. heart beats slower • Keeps blood in vital organs/core longer = warmer • 6. breathe slower • Keeps air in lungs longer = warmer

  24. V. Burns • A. 1st degree • Least severe • Minor sunburn • Reddish skin • Treat with topical ointment • B. 2nd degree • Blisters form • From direct heat, severe sunburn • Treat with ointment • Do not pop burn blisters • C. 3rd degree • Most severe • Deep into tissue – even muscle tissue • Many times need grafting of new skin • Blackened skin • No pain directly at the site due to nerve damage

  25. VI. Rule of the Nines • Handout

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