1 / 36

CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Structure and Function. The functions of the digestive system are: Breaks down food to a form that can be used by body cells Transports food and waste Physical & chemical breakdown & absorption of digested food Elimination

rhazel
Télécharger la présentation

CHAPTER 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 8DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  2. Structure and Function • The functions of the digestive system are: • Breaks down food to a form that can be used by body cells • Transports food and waste • Physical & chemical breakdown & absorption of digested food • Elimination • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsTwabX4ggI on of wastes

  3. Structure of the Digestive System • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small Intestines • Large Intesting • Rectum

  4. Organs of the Digestive Process • Mouth • Ingestion-putting food into mouth • Mastication-the act of chewing • Deglutition-the act of swallowing • Three glands produce a mix of mucus, water & an enzyme called amylase to activate the taste buds as well as moisten and dissolve CHO’s. • Esophagus • Carries food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis

  5. Organs of the Digestive Process (Continued) • Stomach • Chyme- semi liquid undigested food • Digestion of protein begins in stomach • HCl and pepsin break down proteins • Small intestine-most digestion takes place here • Produces juices that aid the digestive process • Food is actually absorbed here

  6. Organs of the Digestive Process (Continued) • Large intestine • Most of the water from ingested food is absorbed back into the blood through the walls of large intestine. • Processes fiber • Rectum • Passes waste out of body

  7. Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Small Intestine Function of Accessory Structures - Gallbladder: Secrets bile to break down fat - Pancreas: Releases enzymes to further digest starches, proteins, & fats. Releases insulin to reduce blood sugar levels - Small intestines: Absorbs most nutrients found in your body

  8. Assessment Techniques • Gastric analysis • A nasogastric tube is used to remove stomach contents • Composition of stomach contents assists in finding: blood, bile, bacteria, cancer, & ulcers. • Fecal analysis • Examination of stool specimen for presence of microorganisms or blood • Performed only be lab personnel • Palpation and auscultation • Feeling the abdomen and listening for bowel sounds • Must gently listen with stethescope first (auscultation), then feel (palpation). Any pushing on the stomach will cause an increase in intestinal activity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOefpxm38bc

  9. Endoscopy Flexible tube inserted into body cavities www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjRsa77u6OU

  10. Disorders of the Digestive System • Lactose Intolerance • Not enough of the enzyme lactase is produced. The unabsorbed lactose ferments in the intestines leading to gas, cramps, and diarrhea. • Appendicitis • Inflammation of the appendix • Cholecystitis • Inflammation of the gallbladder

  11. Disorders of the Digestive System • Cirrhosis • A chronic degenerative condition of the liver accompanied by the formation of scar tissue • Constipation • The inability to defecate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM1FGtcdxDo&ebc=ANyPxKpgSumSwM3tOpa8eCWkUe0PEgVyzCvu-q5dXkj-f1D9I0P6U27glShUYri48SQuwO2M4RCEvNuhqhq0y-IPsyUATCNkSw

  12. Disorders of the Digestive System • Crohn’s disease • Inflammation and ulceration, usually affecting the ileum and colon, or both • Colon cancer • An abnormal growth in the large intestine

  13. OSTOMY BAGS: Allow bowel / bladder to rest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpsM1b54eTo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9PYMfqNGm0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81Oj78eswOQ

  14. Disorders of the Digestive System • Diarrhea • The passage of frequent and watery stools • Bland diet suggested • B.R.A.T. diet: Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast • Diverticulitis • The weakening of the colon wall, leading to formation of a pouch, causing infection or abscesses if fecal material trapped • Diet: Clear liquids, • Low-fiber foods, no residue • Food poisoning • Illnesses transmitted by food

  15. Table 16-2 Bland Diet

  16. Disorders of the Digestive System • Gastritis • Inflammation of the stomach lining • Halitosis • Or bad breath, is caused by anaerobic bacteria

  17. Disorders of the Digestive System • Gastroesophageal reflux disease • Frequent heartburn or chest pain, bitter taste in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, frequent hoarseness or coughing http://video.healthination.com/usnews/heartburn-gerd.html

  18. Disorders of the Digestive System • Esophageal Varicies • Swollen veins in the walls of the lower part of the esophagus that rupture & begin to bleed • Causes: liver failure causes pressure on the esophagus • Pancreatitis • A mild acute or chronic condition resulting from gallbladder stone blockage, disease, injury, or alcoholism

  19. Disorders of the Digestive System • Heartburn • A painful burning sensation in the esophagus caused by the backflow of acidic chyme from the stomach • Causes: H. pylori bacteria, alcohol, acidic diet ( especially a combo of caffeine, peppermint, too much food, being overweight, lying down after eating) • Hemorrhoid • A painful dilated vein in the lower rectum or anus • Hepatitis • A viral infection of the liver

  20. Disorders of the Digestive System • Pyloric stenosis • A birth defect in which a constricted pyloric sphincter does not allow food to pass easily into the small intestine

  21. Disorders of the Digestive System • Ulcer • An open sore on the lining • of the digestive tract

  22. Digestive System Issues • Foodborne illness • Salmonella bacteria • Bacteria from contaminated eggs, peanuts, ground meats, fruits, & vegetables • Illness typically lasts 4-7 days • Escherichia coli • Illness from bacteria found in the envoronment, foods, & the intestines of people & animals • Transmitted through contaminated water or food, or contact with sick animals or people • Protection: Wash hands after contact w/ animals, cook food well, avoid raw milk & unpasteurized drinks, don’t swallow pool or lake water

  23. Dysphagia • Definition: The act of inhaling fluid or a foreign body in the bronchi and lungs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrbEUDO6S5U&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfFEwUFv0ys&feature=related

  24. Aspiration Pneumonia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvAKyuI_nUE Radiography Uses barium to allow structures to show esophagus, stomach, and small intestine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QhBvXsJ53E

  25. Ways to Prevent Aspiration • Patients at risk for aspiration • Stroke, Parkinson’s, dementia, patient under anaestetia • Indications patient is aspirating • Coughing & cyanosis when eating, drinking, or regurgitation of gastric contents • Voice change (hoarseness or gurgling) after swallowing • Ways to prevent aspiration • 30 min. rest before eating (easier time swallowing • Sit patient upright in chair or bed (90 degrees) • Try the chin-down or chin-tuck maneuver • Slow feeding & give smaller bites • Alternate solid & liquids • Do not let patients drink with a straw • Thicken liquids as ordered by speech therapist

  26. Digestive System Issues • Sulfite-sensitivity • May occur naturally or be added to food as an enhancer & preservative • 1 in 100 people are sensitive to these compounds • Sensitivity to sulfites may occur at any time in life • Found in a variety of cooked & processed foods, & occur naturally in beer & wine • Reaction occurs w/in minutes , may not be noticed for up to 1 hour • Allergies, anaphylaxis, headaches, blurred vision, abdominal cramping, listlessness, rashes

  27. Issues and Innovations • Eating disorders • Bulimia: Cycles of binging & purging • Anorexia: Severe food restriction **Both are psychological disorders where losing weight becomes a sign of mastery & being “in control” and or having fears of one’s own body. Often accompanied by excessive exercise, overuse of diet pills, diuretics, lacatives, & enemas**

  28. Issues and Innovations • Genetically Engineered Food • Foods, wholly or partially made from genetically modified organism, or GMO. • A plant or animal whose genetic material was changed when researchers added a gene from a different plant or animal • Over 250 million acres of GMO crops were planted in 2006, over ½ of those in the US • Grow & mature faster w/ greater disease resistance & bigger yields • No studies exist on their effects on us or the environment

  29. Issues and Innovations • Trans-fats / Hydrogenated Oils • First introduced in the 70’s, gained popularity in the 80’s & 90’s when saturated fats were found to be “bad” for your health. • Made by injecting hydrogen into less-saturated oils (liquid at room temp), then making the oil a stable solid at room temperature • Your bile cannot break down these oils, releases huge amounts of bile into your system, thus increasing cholesterol levels in the body

More Related