The Impact of World War I on American Society

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Explain how business and government cooperated during the war. • Show how the government promoted the war. • Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred. • Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 3 The War at Home World War I spurs social, political, and economic change in the United States. NEXT

4. SECTION 3: THE WAR AT HOME • The entire U.S. economy was focused on the war effort • The shift from a consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government • In the process, the power of the U.S. government expanded • Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

5. Guided Reading:What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 1. War Industries Board – Encouraged companies to use mass production techniques and standardize products.

6. SECTION 3 The War at Home Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Industries Board • Economy shifts from producing consumer goods to war supplies • Congress gives president direct control of much of the economy • War Industries Board is main regulatory body - urges mass-production, standardizing products • Bernard M. Baruch, prosperous businessman, is head of board • Railroad Administration, Fuel Administration also control industries • Conservation measures adopted by public, nation Continued . . . NEXT

7. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD • The War Industries Board (WIB) encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques • Under the WIB, industrial production and wages increased 20% • Union membership almost doubled during the war years – from 2.5 million to 4 million • To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson set up the National War Labor Board in 1918 Poster encouraging production

8. Chapter 11 Section 3 • A – Why would labor disputes affect the war effort? • Labor disputes would slow down production and jeopardize the American war effort.

9. SECTION 3 continuedCongress Gives Power to Wilson • War Economy • Industrial wages rise; offset by rising costs of food, housing • Large corporations make enormous profits • Unions boom from dangerous conditions, child labor, unfair pay • Wilson creates National War Labor Board to settle disputes NEXT

11. SECTION 3 continuedCongress Gives Power to Wilson • Food Administration • Food Administration under Herbert Hoover works to produce, save food • Encourages public conservation, increase of farm production NEXT

12. VICTORY GARDENS • To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) • The FA declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “wheatless” • Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards • Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks • Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland

15. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Railroad Administration – Controlled the nations railroads, prioritize war deliveries and use of railroads.

16. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Fuel Administration – Regulated Coal supplies, rationed gasoline, heating oil and introduced daylight-savings time.

18. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? National War Labor Board – Resolved labor disputes, pushed for improved working conditions.

21. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 5. Food Administration – Encouraged less consumption, tripled shipments to allies, and set high prices for wheat and other staples.

26. SECTION 3 Selling the War • War Financing • U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war effort • 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3 borrowed through sale of war bonds NEXT

27. SELLING THE WAR • The U.S. had two major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war • The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort • The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and “sin” taxes • The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

32. SECTION 3 Selling the War • Committee on Public Information • Propaganda—biased communication designed to influence people • Former muckraker George Creel heads Committee on Public Information • Creel produces visual works, printed matter to promote war • Gets volunteers to speak about war, distribute materials NEXT

33. PROPAGANDA • To popularize the war, the government set up the nations first propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information (CPI) • George Creel led the agency and persuaded many of the nation’s artists to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons and sculptures to promote the war

34. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? • Committee on Public Information – • Mobilized the nations artists and advertising people to popularize the war. • Recruited 75,000 to give speeches in favor of the war.

35. B – How did the government raise money for the war effort? • The govt. raised some money through increased taxes, • And some through the sale of “war bonds”

36. SECTION 3 Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase • Anti-Immigrant Hysteria • Attacks against immigrants, especially from Germany, Austria-Hungary • Suppression of German culture—music, language, literature NEXT

37. ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES • As the war progressed, Civil Liberties were compromised • Anti-Immigrant feelings were openly expressed especially anti-German and Austrian- Hungarian • Socialists and labor leaders were targeted Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

38. SECTION 3 Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase Espionage and Sedition Acts • Espionage and Sedition Acts—person can be fined, imprisoned for: - interfering with war effort, speaking against government • Violate 1st amendment; prosecute loosely defined antiwar activities - target socialists, labor leaders NEXT

39. ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES • Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress • Espionage – spying against your country. • Sedition – criticizing the govt. • These acts were designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against the spirit of the First Amendment (Free speech) Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

40. C – What effect did the war have on the lives of recent immigrants? • Recent immigrants suffered persecution; • German immigrants and those of German descent suffered the bitterest of attacks.

41. D – What impact did the Espionage and Sedition Acts have on free speech? • The Acts led to thousands of prosecutions; • People were fired from their jobs; • Antiwar newspapers and magazines lost their mailing privileges.

42. SECTION 3 The War Encourages Social Change • African Americans and the War • Du Bois urges support for war to strengthen call for racial justice • Most African Americans support war • Some think victims of racism should not support racist government Continued . . . NEXT

44. SECTION 3 The War Encourages Social Change The Great Migration • Great Migration—large-scale movement of Southern blacks to North - escape racial discrimination - take up new job opportunities • Press of new migrants intensifies racial tensions in North Continued . . . NEXT

45. The Great Migration • The greatest effect of the First World War on the African American population was that it accelerated the Great Migration • The Great Migration was the large scale population shift for hundreds of thousands of blacks from the south to Northern cities • SOCIAL CHANGE DURING THE WAR: This African American family settled in Chicago

46. The Great Migration • They left to escape discrimination and to seek greater job opportunities • Popular destinations included Chicago, New York and Philadelphia

47. Guided Reading:What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? • African Americans – • The Great Migration involved the massive movement of Blacks from the southern rural areas to the Northern cities. • The first African Americans commissioned officers allowed to serve.

48. E – How did the war open opportunities for African Americans? • WWI increased job opportunities for African Americans in • steel mills, • monition plants, • and stockyards.

49. F – What effect did the war have on women’s lives? • Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men.

50. G – How did wartime conditions help spread the flu? • In the army, living conditions allowed for contagious illness to spread.