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The Impact of World War I on American Society

This lesson analyzes the significant events that took place during the founding of the nation, including the collaboration between business and government during the war, the government's promotion of the war, attacks on civil liberties, and the social changes that affected African Americans and women. Students will explore the role of agencies and laws such as the War Industries Board, Railroad Administration, Fuel Administration, and Food Administration in influencing the war effort. The lesson also delves into the selling of the war through propaganda and war financing.

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The Impact of World War I on American Society

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  1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Explain how business and government cooperated during the war. • Show how the government promoted the war. • Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred. • Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women.

  2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

  3. Section 3 The War at Home World War I spurs social, political, and economic change in the United States. NEXT

  4. SECTION 3: THE WAR AT HOME • The entire U.S. economy was focused on the war effort • The shift from a consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government • In the process, the power of the U.S. government expanded • Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy

  5. Guided Reading:What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 1. War Industries Board – Encouraged companies to use mass production techniques and standardize products.

  6. SECTION 3 The War at Home Congress Gives Power to Wilson War Industries Board • Economy shifts from producing consumer goods to war supplies • Congress gives president direct control of much of the economy • War Industries Board is main regulatory body - urges mass-production, standardizing products • Bernard M. Baruch, prosperous businessman, is head of board • Railroad Administration, Fuel Administration also control industries • Conservation measures adopted by public, nation Continued . . . NEXT

  7. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD • The War Industries Board (WIB) encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques • Under the WIB, industrial production and wages increased 20% • Union membership almost doubled during the war years – from 2.5 million to 4 million • To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson set up the National War Labor Board in 1918 Poster encouraging production

  8. Chapter 11 Section 3 • A – Why would labor disputes affect the war effort? • Labor disputes would slow down production and jeopardize the American war effort.

  9. SECTION 3 continuedCongress Gives Power to Wilson • War Economy • Industrial wages rise; offset by rising costs of food, housing • Large corporations make enormous profits • Unions boom from dangerous conditions, child labor, unfair pay • Wilson creates National War Labor Board to settle disputes NEXT

  10. SECTION 3 continuedCongress Gives Power to Wilson • Food Administration • Food Administration under Herbert Hoover works to produce, save food • Encourages public conservation, increase of farm production NEXT

  11. VICTORY GARDENS • To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) • The FA declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” and two days “wheatless” • Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards • Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks • Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland

  12. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Railroad Administration – Controlled the nations railroads, prioritize war deliveries and use of railroads.

  13. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? Fuel Administration – Regulated Coal supplies, rationed gasoline, heating oil and introduced daylight-savings time.

  14. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? National War Labor Board – Resolved labor disputes, pushed for improved working conditions.

  15. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? 5. Food Administration – Encouraged less consumption, tripled shipments to allies, and set high prices for wheat and other staples.

  16. SECTION 3 Selling the War • War Financing • U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war effort • 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3 borrowed through sale of war bonds NEXT

  17. SELLING THE WAR • The U.S. had two major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war • The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort • The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and “sin” taxes • The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

  18. SECTION 3 Selling the War • Committee on Public Information • Propaganda—biased communication designed to influence people • Former muckraker George Creel heads Committee on Public Information • Creel produces visual works, printed matter to promote war • Gets volunteers to speak about war, distribute materials NEXT

  19. PROPAGANDA • To popularize the war, the government set up the nations first propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information (CPI) • George Creel led the agency and persuaded many of the nation’s artists to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons and sculptures to promote the war

  20. Guided Reading: What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws? • Committee on Public Information – • Mobilized the nations artists and advertising people to popularize the war. • Recruited 75,000 to give speeches in favor of the war.

  21. B – How did the government raise money for the war effort? • The govt. raised some money through increased taxes, • And some through the sale of “war bonds”

  22. SECTION 3 Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase • Anti-Immigrant Hysteria • Attacks against immigrants, especially from Germany, Austria-Hungary • Suppression of German culture—music, language, literature NEXT

  23. ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES • As the war progressed, Civil Liberties were compromised • Anti-Immigrant feelings were openly expressed especially anti-German and Austrian- Hungarian • Socialists and labor leaders were targeted Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

  24. SECTION 3 Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase Espionage and Sedition Acts • Espionage and Sedition Acts—person can be fined, imprisoned for: - interfering with war effort, speaking against government • Violate 1st amendment; prosecute loosely defined antiwar activities - target socialists, labor leaders NEXT

  25. ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES • Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress • Espionage – spying against your country. • Sedition – criticizing the govt. • These acts were designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against the spirit of the First Amendment (Free speech) Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime

  26. C – What effect did the war have on the lives of recent immigrants? • Recent immigrants suffered persecution; • German immigrants and those of German descent suffered the bitterest of attacks.

  27. D – What impact did the Espionage and Sedition Acts have on free speech? • The Acts led to thousands of prosecutions; • People were fired from their jobs; • Antiwar newspapers and magazines lost their mailing privileges.

  28. SECTION 3 The War Encourages Social Change • African Americans and the War • Du Bois urges support for war to strengthen call for racial justice • Most African Americans support war • Some think victims of racism should not support racist government Continued . . . NEXT

  29. SECTION 3 The War Encourages Social Change The Great Migration • Great Migration—large-scale movement of Southern blacks to North - escape racial discrimination - take up new job opportunities • Press of new migrants intensifies racial tensions in North Continued . . . NEXT

  30. The Great Migration • The greatest effect of the First World War on the African American population was that it accelerated the Great Migration • The Great Migration was the large scale population shift for hundreds of thousands of blacks from the south to Northern cities • SOCIAL CHANGE DURING THE WAR: This African American family settled in Chicago

  31. The Great Migration • They left to escape discrimination and to seek greater job opportunities • Popular destinations included Chicago, New York and Philadelphia

  32. Guided Reading:What changes did the war bring about for the following groups of Americans? • African Americans – • The Great Migration involved the massive movement of Blacks from the southern rural areas to the Northern cities. • The first African Americans commissioned officers allowed to serve.

  33. E – How did the war open opportunities for African Americans? • WWI increased job opportunities for African Americans in • steel mills, • monition plants, • and stockyards.

  34. F – What effect did the war have on women’s lives? • Women moved into jobs that had been held exclusively by men.

  35. G – How did wartime conditions help spread the flu? • In the army, living conditions allowed for contagious illness to spread.

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