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Network and Telecommunications

Network and Telecommunications. 7. Lan Software. Lan Software. Application Software client apps vs. server apps (email or web server, database server) light vs. heavy network traffic user interfaces – command line, menu-driven, GUI

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Network and Telecommunications

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  1. Network and Telecommunications 7. Lan Software

  2. Lan Software • Application Software • client apps vs. server apps (email or web server, database server) • light vs. heavy network traffic • user interfaces – command line, menu-driven, GUI • user (client) applications - word processing, spread sheets, compilers, email, web browsers, telnet/ssh, etc.. • server applications - backup software, license metering, ups monitoring, administrative tools (add users, monitor systems), network analysis tools • NOS (network operating system)

  3. NOS • peer-to-peer or client-server NOS • commercial NOS (Novell Netware, banyan vines, etc..) vs. • bundled NOS/OS (unix, MacOS, windows NT/2000/2003) • provides file sharing, print and other services (email, web, modem) • underlying protocols • tcp/ip (unix, nt/2000/2003, internet) • ipx/spx (novell), appletalk (macs) -past

  4. Mapping • Mapping - key concept in networking. client/server. • transparent to user (behind the scenes, in boot up scripts) • PC - use drive letters to map from client to servers hard drive • (h: drive for example). Virtual drive letters. • Windows - "net use" command. • Novell - "map" command.

  5. Mapping II • Unix/Mac - no drive letters. • Mac uses the "chooser" network application to do mapping, and results appear as an icon on desktop (instead of drive letters). • Unix systems use "mount" command and empty directories (mount points) to perform mappings.

  6. Mixed Lans • Past: Lans had one type of Hardware and one type of OS (like PC/Windows only) • Today: Clients mixed, servers can be mixed. Mixed hardware (mac, unix, pc) and mixed O.S. (unix/linux, windows 2000, nt, 98, XP, 2003, Mac OS, etc..). • Interopperability/Interconnectivity

  7. NOS from the Past • IBM/Microsoft Lanmanager • Banyan Vines • And many others

  8. NovellNetware

  9. Basic Info • Novell Netware- 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.... • used to be #1 product in pc market • Started in 1983, commercial product • ipx/spx – original proprietary protocol • Todays uses tcp/ip • client/server • clients - dos, windows 3.1, windows 95/98/2000/NT/XP/2003, Mac, unix, etc... • Uses “map” command to connect virtual drives

  10. Windows

  11. Basic Features • NT - built-in, OS and NOS bundled, file and print sharing • New Technology (NT) (includes windows server 2000 and 2003), XP • client/server primarily (peer-peer possible) • clients - dos, windows 3.1, windows 95/98/2000, XP, nt clients, Mac, unix, etc...

  12. Back to Basics… • GUI-interface (like '95/98/2000) and commands (Dos Command Window) • 2 versions: workstation (for client) and server • map drive letters (virtual drives)

  13. Protocols • tcp/ip (internet, unix connectivity, wan) • netbeui (compat. with lan manager) • ipx/spx (novell netware connectivity) • appletalk (mac connectivity) • Tcp/ip is primarily used

  14. More Windows Info • Installation manuals, disks, cdrom...gui based (follow instructions) • both NOS on server and client, most on server • addressing - ethernet address and tcp/ip addressing

  15. And more… • File System: -FAT (like dos) -8.3 characters per filename, little security -NTFS (NT file system, more secure, faster, better) -255 characters per filename - many file/directory attributes/permissions, ACL (access control lists), ownership

  16. Windows Security • Security account names and passwords login/logout file/directory permissions and attributes

  17. Windows Features • Fault Tolerant Features (built-in) • disk mirroring/disk duplexing, raid, ups monitoring

  18. NT Networking • Domain • collection of clients and servers in a given lan share same account info (user names, passwords, etc..) • PDC (primary domain controller) and BDC (backup domain controller) • copy "directory" to each other (replicated) • Active Directory – windows 2000/2003

  19. Windows Mapping • File Sharing and Mapping: Server: control panel - icons to setup network, file sharing, services "My Computer" --> click on any file/directory ----> File pull down menu --> select "sharing“ (or right click on folder and pick “sharing”)

  20. Client: • connect to server (mapping) via: a. Map Network Drive (Explorer Tool) uses virtual drive letter (right click on My Computer) b. command line (Command Prompt window) net use (see current mappings/virtual drives) net use K: \\server\directory

  21. Unix Networking

  22. Unix Networking • portable, scalable, modular, written in C (like NT) • X windows (gui interface) or command line • multiuser, multiprocessing, multithreaded, multi-tasking • internet heavily based upon tcp/ip and unix servers (web, email, DNS)

  23. ex. clam - time sharing for users (multiuser aspect) file server and print server to suns in 133 file server for macs dns, web and email services 2 cpus (multiprocessing)

  24. Network Aspects • NFS - Network File System (NOS) • tcp/ip - protocol for networking • client/server based, NOS built in with OS

  25. No Drive Letters • "mount" command - mapping (map to empty directories) • attach to tree structure file system • ex. client: server:

  26. client: mkdir /mountpoint mount server:/usr/local/apps /mountpoint (or put into a file: /etc/vfstab) • Server: use "share" command or put in /etc/dfs/dfstab

  27. Note: • all mount (mapping) commands are transparent to the user • User never executes them, they are in start up files on the system which execute automatically on boot up • The system and network administrator needs to know these details • no use of virtual drives/drive letters

  28. other network commands ping traceroute host netstat -i ifconfig Others network files /etc/hosts /etc/ethers /etc/services Unix Commands and Files

  29. Netstat • netstat gather network statistics/information, like number of input packets, number of output packets, collisions • % collision rate = # collisions / # output packets x 100 collisions rate < 5% is good

  30. EXAMPLE! carp% netstat -i Name Mtu Net/Dest Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis le0 1500 carp 18979356 811 12094590 160 456284 thus %collision rate = 456284/12094590 x 100 = 3.7 %

  31. ifconfig • ifconfig - gather or configure network card/connection information • Similar to ipconfig in windows • Example: • crab% ifconfig hme0 hme0: flag=<up,broadcast,running,ipv4) mtu 1500 inet 165.230.111.194 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 165.230.111.223

  32. Summary • 1. NOS General Info: • How is mapping performed (connecting client to server)? • pc based nos - virtual drives (k: g:) • macs - icons on desktop • unix - empty directories attached in tree structure (mount point)

  33. Basic mapping commands ? • Windows - net use • (net use K: \\server\name\directory) (or use gui tool) • mac - use chooser (gui application) • unix - use mount command (mount servername:/directoryname /mountpoint )

  34. More Summary Notes • all mappings done behind the scenes, transparent to the user. Often done in boot up scripts • on the server side, there are similar methods to "share" directories/files. • A server doesnt share everything to the client, only selected directories/files. • For example, on unix, you have a "share" command. On Windows and Macs, you can highlight a folder (directory) or a file, and the pick "share" from the file pull-down menu.

  35. Summary Continued • 2. LAN Software: • 1. NOS (Windows, novell, unix/nfs, macs/appleshare..etc..) • 2. application software

  36. Application Software • Client Software • Email (eudora, outlook, webmail), web browser (IE, Netscape, Mozilla), word processor (Word), spss, spreadsheets, etc… • located on server • Typically the software is downloaded from the server to the client and runs on the client (exceptions: imaging and thin clients)

  37. Server Software • Runs on Server Only • Web Server Software (IIS or Apache), Email Servers Software (Sendmail, Postfix, Exchange) • Database backend software (oracle) • Other tools: UPS monitoring software, backups, license management

  38. The End…

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