The Development of the Industrial United States

1. The Development of the Industrial United States Lesson 23 Bigger Is Better: The Economics of Mass Production

2. The Development of the Industrial United States Lesson 23 Bigger Is Better: The Economics of Mass Production

3. Bigger Is Better • The United States economy changed dramatically in the period following the Civil War. • The average standard of living more than doubled between 1870 and 1910. Business itself changed during this time. • Various ways were tried to increase the size of businesses, including trusts and holding companies. • Why were big businesses able to produce many kinds of goods and services more cheaply than small businesses?

4. Visual 23.1 Characteristics of Mass Production • Characteristics of Mass Production • Large Number of Units Produced • Low Cost Per Unit • Large Amount of Capital (plants and machines) • Coordinated Work Force (organized often in an assembly-line fashion) • Division of Labor

5. Visual 23.2 Fix Costs, Variable Costs and Their Relationship to Cost per Unit 1. Fixed costs are costs that do not change when the number of units produced increases or decreases. • For most business firms, fixed costs include the following: • Capital • Utilities • Property taxes 2. Variable costs are costs that change when the number of units produced increases or decreases. For many business firms, variable costs include the following: • Labor • Raw materials 3. Total fixed costs plus total variable costs equal total cost. 4. Total cost divided by the number of units produced equals cost per unit.

6. Visual 23.2 Fix Costs, Variable Costs and Their Relationship to Cost per Unit 1. Fixed costs are costs that do not change when the number of units produced increases or decreases. • For most business firms, fixed costs include the following: • Capital • Utilities • Property taxes 2. Variable costs are costs that change when the number of units produced increases or decreases. For many business firms, variable costs include the following: • Labor • Raw materials 3. Total fixed costs plus total variable costs equal total cost. 4. Total cost divided by the number of units produced equals cost per unit.

7. Visual 23.3 Figuring the Costs: The Tomato Plant Weekly output: __100______ cans Total fixed cost: $10,000 a week Variable cost per unit: 25 cents per can Total variable cost: ___$25___________ Total cost: ______$10,025___________ Divided by __________100_____ cans Cost per unit: ____$1,025_____ What price would you need to charge? Will you sell any?

8. Visual 23.3 Figuring the Costs: The Tomato Plant Weekly output: __1,000____ cans Total fixed cost: $10,000 a week Variable cost per unit: 25 cents per can Total variable cost: $___250__________ Total cost: ______ $10,250__________ Divided by _________1,000_____ cans Cost per unit: _____$10.25__ What price would you need to charge? Will you sell any?

9. Visual 23.3 Figuring the Costs: The Tomato Plant Weekly output: _1,000____ cans Total fixed cost: $10,000 a week Variable cost per unit: 25 cents per can Total variable cost: $ 6,250__________ Total cost: ______ $16,250__________ Divided by ________1,000_____ cans Cost per unit: _____$_.65__ What price would you need to charge? Will you sell any?

10. Visual 23.4 Economies of Scale • The situation where the average total cost of making a product declines as production increases in the long run.

11. Activity 23.1 Andrew Carnegie and the American Steel Industry • Provide an example of how Carnegie took advantage of mass production. • Large number of units produced • Low cost per unit • Large amount of capital • Coordinated work force • Division of labor