1. Formulations, Adjuvants & Drift • In the Basic Manual • Formulations - Page 43 • Adjuvants - Page 47 • Drift – Pages 55 Pages 62, 63

2. What is a Formulation • How a pesticide is packaged. • Contains: • Active Ingredient • Inert Ingredient

3. Types of formulations • Liquid • pounds a.i. per gallon • Dry • % a.i. per pound A.I. Chemical properties  influences formulation.

4. Active Ingredients – a.i. Pesticidal effect

5. Inert Ingredients • “Inactive” ingredients mixed with a.i. • Formulation easier to handle or store. • Toxic or non-toxic ANTIFREEZE

6. Liquid Formulations • EC –emulsifiable concentrate • S - soluble • ULV – ultra low volume • F or FL - flowables • ME – micro-encapsulated

7. Dry Formulations • WP – Wettable powder • DF – Dry Flowable • WDG – Water Dispersable Granule • D - Dust • P or G – Pellets or Granules • M or ME – Micro-Encapsulated

8. Effects of Different Formulations

9. Convert a.i. to formulated gallons pg 73 active ingredient Gallons of Formulation = lbs. a.i per gallon 0.50 pounds of picloram required 0.50 lbs. A.I. = 0.25 gallons Tordon™ 2 lbs. A.I. Per gal.

10. Convert a.i. – dry formulation active ingredient Lbs. Of formulation = Gallons of Formulation % a.i per pound lbs. a.i per gallon 1 pound of tebuthiuron required 1 pounds A.I. = 1.25 pounds Spike™ 0.80 a.i. per pound

11. COMPATIBILITY TEST • A small scale test using a 1 quart jar • Proportions • 1 teaspoon per pint = 1 pint per 100 gallons of water • Check for lumps, clumps, gunk, goop, glop, heat

12. Spray Additives Carrier – body to formulation Aids in storage and application At time of manufacture Diluent Dilutes concentrated formulation At time of Application Solvents Aid in mixing Adjuvants - Enhance or modify performance

13. Adjuvants include: • Acidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutions • Acidifiers - lower pH. • Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of spray solutions. • Anti-foaming agents • Compatibility agents • Deposition aids • Drift control agents • Emulsification aids

14. Surfactants Surface Acting Agent Reduces Surface Tension

15. Contact Angle with a surfactant: * 30 to 60 degrees. * More leaf surface is covered 30-60o

16. Surfactants/wetting agentsNon-ionic Surfactants • Composed of alcohols and fatty acids • Non-ionic = no charge • Cationic (+) • Anionic (-) • Reduces surface tension • Improves spreading, sticking and herbicide uptake • All purpose

17. OilsCrop Oil Concentrates (COC) • Blend of paraffin based petroleum oil and surfactants • Provides penetration characteristics of crop oil and surface tension reducing qualities of the NIS • Used primarily with grass herbicides

18. True Seed Oils • Seed oils(corn, soybean, canola) with an alcohol to form an ester • MSO and ESO • Methylated Seed Oil • Ethylated Seed Oil More crop friendly than COCs

19. FERTILIZERS SURFACTANTS • Improved herbicide performance • Neutralizes hard water mineral ions • Ammonium sulfate • Adjust pH • more herbicide is transported into the plant. • 2,4-D • Pursuit (imazethapyr) • Poast (sethoxydim) • Used primarily with broadleaf herbicides.

20. Water Quality • pH (alkalinity) • Hard Water • Dirty Water

21. Water Quality • Alkaline Hydrolysis – effect of high pH • Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides degrade in pH >7. • Organophosphates • Malathion/Parathion • Dorsban/Lorsban • Diazinon • Carbamates • Sevin • Lannate

22. Water Quality – Low pH • pH 5-7 is optimum for most herbicides. • Acid Hydrolysis • Sulfonyl Urea herbicides degrade in acidic environments. • Ally and Escort • Most sulfonyl ureas are stable in pH > 7.9

23. Water Quality – Hardness • Hard Water –Ca+ and mg+ • ppm or grains • Affect salt-based herbicides – Roundup, 2,4-D.

24. Salt-based herbicide or a surfactant Calcium replaces the sodium O-CH2-C-O- Na Ca2+ Cl Cl

25. Different 2,4-D’s & Hard Water Form of 2,4-D Stability in Hard Water* • Di-ethyl amine Fair • K, Na salts Poor • Esters Good

26. Formulations, Adjuvants & Drift • In the Basic Manual • Formulations - Page 43 • Adjuvants - Page 47 • Drift – Pages 55 Pages 62, 63