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Introduction to Biology II

Explore the historical perspective of evolution, from Plato and Aristotle to modern synthesis, population genetics, natural selection, and speciation. Understand the rates, patterns, and mechanisms of evolution.

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Introduction to Biology II

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  1. Introduction to Biology II Biology 1312 Spring 2007 Dr. Brad Hoge Evolution

  2. Historical Perspective • Plato • Plato’s Ideal • Aristotle • Scala naturae • Future Causes • The Chain of Being

  3. The Long Road to Recovery • Linnaeus • taxonomy • Hutton • gradualism • Lamarck • evolution • Malthus • populations • Cuvier • extinction • Lyell • uniformitarianism

  4. Darwin • Voyage of the Beagle • Origin of Species • Wallace • Natural Selection • Mendel

  5. Natural Selection and Adaptation • Species Fecundity • Stable Populations • Environmental Resources are Limited • Struggle for Survival • Variation within Populations • Differential Survivability • Successful Traits Accumulate

  6. Patterns of Evolution • Homology • Vestigial Traits • Biogeography • The Fossil Record

  7. Modern Synthesis • Theodosius Dobzhansky • Sewell Wright • Watson and Crick • Ernst Mayr

  8. Population Genetics • Population • Gene Pool • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

  9. Microevolution • Natural Selection • Genetic Drift • Bottleneck Effect • Founder Effect • Mutation

  10. Variation • Variation Within Populations • Polymorphism • Gene diversity • Nucleotide diversity • Variation Between Populations • Geographic variation • Sexual recombination

  11. Fitness • Optima • Relative Fitness • Selection • Directional selection • Diversifying selection • Stabilizing selection

  12. Level of Selection • Gene selection • Species selection • Population selection

  13. Sexual Selection • Sexual dimorphism • Mate Choice • Competition • The Ant and the Peacock

  14. Perfection • Evolution is limited by history • Adaptations is limited by survivability • There are no future causes • Chance happens • Not all change is good

  15. Macroevolution • Biological Species Concept • Ecological Species Concept • Pluralistic Species Concept • Morphological Species Concept • Genealogical Species Concept

  16. Genetic Isolation • Anagenesis • Cladogenesis

  17. Prezygotic Isolation • Habitat isolation • Behavioral isolation • Temporal isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation

  18. Postzygotic Isolation • Reduced hybrid viability • Reduced hybrid fertility • Hybrid breakdown

  19. Speciation • Allopatric Speciation • Sympatic Speciation

  20. Examples of Speciation • Ring Species • Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains

  21. Rates of Speciation • Gradualism • Catastrophism • Punctuated Equilibrium

  22. The Role of Development • Allometric Growth • Heterochrony • Paedomorphosis • Homeotic Genes

  23. Rates of Mutation • Genetic Clocks • Mitochondrial DNA

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