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Introductions to Sensor Network Hardware

Introductions to Sensor Network Hardware. Outline. Platforms and microcontrollers Software Electronics, schematics and datasheets. WSN Platform. A hardware device that enable wireless sensor network research Typical components Microcontroller Radio Power supply

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Introductions to Sensor Network Hardware

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  1. Introductions to Sensor Network Hardware Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  2. Outline • Platforms and microcontrollers • Software • Electronics, schematics and datasheets Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  3. WSN Platform • A hardware device that enable wireless sensor network research • Typical components • Microcontroller • Radio • Power supply • Sensors and/or actuators • Peripherals • USB interface • Storage Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  4. What Do We Have • TelosB (Taroko/TmoteSky/TIP700CM) • Original design: UC Berkeley CHNDS Taroko Crossbow TelosB Maxfor TIP700CM Moteiv Tmote Sky Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  5. Crossbow • Original design: UC Berkeley • Commercial product: Crossbow • Other products from Crossbow • Cricket • Imote2 • IRIS MicaZ Mica2 Imote IRIS Cricket Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  6. Others (Research) • BTnode (ETH Zurich) • Commercialized • XYZ (Yale University) • MSB (Freie Universitat Berlin) • Modular Sensor Board (MSB) Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  7. Others (Commercial) • Dustnetworks (spun out of UC Berkeley) • iDwaRF – NodeBoard • Worldsens – WSN430 Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  8. Others (Industrial Control) • Accsense • MicroStrain • Sensicast Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  9. Taroko • Original design version  TelosB • by UC Berkeley • Modified version • Taroko (CHNDS, Taiwan) • TelosB (Crossbow, USA) • Tmote Sky (Moteiv, USA) • TIP700CM (Maxfor, Korea) Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  10. On Taroko • Microcontroller • TI (Texas Instruments) MSP430F1611 • Radio • TI Chipcon CC2420 • 250kbps, 2.4GHz • USB interface • 8M-bit flash memory • Extension connectors • Optional sensors • Light, Humidity and Temperature Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  11. Microcontroller (MCU) • The heart of the WSN platform • Control everything • It is all about programming this chip Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  12. What Is A Microcontroller • No general definition • Common features • low speed • Microcontroller -> ARM/DSP -> Pentium/AMD • no hierarchical Memory • Bits – usually 8-bit, or 16-bit • Power – consume less power • Cost – usually it is much cheaper • Input/Output (I/O) peripherals • many on chip peripherals available Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  13. List of MCU • Texas Instruments (TI): MSP430 • Silabs: C8051Fxxx • There are many other companies making 8051 architecture microcontrollers • including Intel, Atmel, Dallas Semiconductor, and etc. • Microchip Technology: PIC • Atmel: ATmega128 • Freescale Semiconductor (Motorola): 68HCxx • Many others • AMCC (IBM), Altera, Cypress MicroSystems, Infineon, Holtek, National Semiconductor, Parallax, Rabbit Semiconductor, NEC, STMicroelectronics, Analog Devices, Xemics, ZiLOG, NXP, OKI semiconductor, Renesas Technology, Samsung, and etc. Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  14. Today’s Personal Computer Peripherals Motherboard IDE Storage (Harddisk) >120GB SATA Audio VGA CPU Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, etc Ethernet Memory (DRAM) >1GB Firewire Wifi DMA USB ComPort Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  15. Microcontroller Block Diagram Peripherals Microcontroller GPIO Timer Clock System Sensors and actuators ADC ALU UART External storage, other ICs, other circuits SPI Memory (RAM) 10KB I2C DMA DAC Host PC, PDA, etc. USB Storage (Flash) 48KB Ethernet Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  16. Pins Light Sensors Temp/Humidity Sensor Infrared Sensors Motor Clock System USB Chip PC Radio Chip Switches LEDs Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  17. MSP430 Family • 16-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) CPU • 1K to 128K bytes Flash • 128 bytes to 10K bytes RAM • 14- to 100-pin I/O • Ultra-low Power Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  18. Clock Signal • An oscillate signal generated by some hardware • All processors, as well as many peripherals require clocks • Clock frequency is the speed of the processor • Usually, higher speed consume large energy Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  19. Crystals • A small block of quartz • Apply a voltage, it will vibrate • For a block of given size, it will vibrate at a given and fixed frequency • They require a drive circuit to make them go Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  20. Generate Clock • Oscillator module • include crystal and drive circuit • Internal drive circuit + crystal • most common case • Digitally Controlled Oscillator • an oscillator circuit constructed by some electrical components • can control its frequency • frequency varies with temperature, voltage, and from device to device Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  21. MSP430 Clock system • Flexible clock sources • Always-on low frequency crystal (eg. 32.768KHz) • On-demand high speed DCO (up to 25MHz) • DCO on and stable in < 1μs Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  22. Flexible Clock Sources in MSP430 • Oscillator consume energy • Higher the speed, larger the energy consumption • Use high speed DCO • for CPU • for high speed peripherals • wake up and get things done, go to sleep as soon as possible • Use low frequency crystal oscillator • for peripherals that require always on • Save energy Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  23. An Example: RTC • Real-Time clock (RTC) • software routine that records second, minute, and hour • Calendar clock • second, minute, hour, day, month, year. • Implementation • configure a timer (counter), use low frequency osc. (32.768KHz) as clock source • when the timer counts to 32768 (exactly 1 second), it generates an interrupt • processor wake-up, execute the RTC routines Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  24. Low Power RTC • Watch Battery CR2032 • Capacitor: 230 mAh • Lifetime • = 230 mAh / 0.83 μA • = (230000 / 0.83) hours • = 277108 hours (approx.31 years) Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  25. Memory Memory Map of MSP430 • RAM (Random Access Memory) • volatile storage • store variables, stack, and etc. • Flash • non volatile storage • store program code, and data • Info Segments (on MSP430) • A special segment in flash • Usually use to store parameters Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  26. Peripherals • To communicate with the external world • Sensors • switches, light, temperature, accelerometer, infrared, humidity, pressure, acoustic, camera, and etc. • Actuators and output controls • motor, on/off control, LEDs, LCD display, and etc. • Other ICs or circuit • flash memory IC, SD card, USB flash disk, DSP processor, and etc. • Host PC, PDA, Industry PC, and etc. Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  27. Ways to Communicate • Programmed I/O • The processor accepts or delivers data at times convenient to it • Interrupt-driven I/O • External events control the processor by requesting the current program be suspended and the external event be serviced • Direct Memory Access (DMA) • DMA allows data to be transferred from I/O devices to memory directly without the continuous involvement of the processor Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  28. Microcontroller Block Diagram Peripherals Microcontroller GPIO Timer Clock System Sensors and actuators ADC ALU UART External storage, other ICs, other circuits SPI Memory (RAM) 10KB I2C DMA DAC Host PC, PDA, etc. USB Storage (Flash) 48KB Ethernet Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  29. GPIO • General purpose input/output • A pin on the Microcontroller • Function • Set as input or output • When input • Read the “value” on the pin (high/low) • Generate an interrupt when transition occur • When output • Set the output of the pin to high/low voltage • Usage • Control LEDs, read switches input, communication, etc Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  30. Timer • It is a counter • Measures time intervals Generate Interrupt (ex. 32.768kHz Crystal) Internal Clock Source Timer PWM External Source Setting Other Outputs (ex. count to 32768) Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  31. Analog to Digital Converter(ADC) • Convert Voltage to a digital number • Signal Path Produce a proper output voltage level Signal Conditioning (if necessary) Sensors • Amplification • Filtering Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) • Light • Temperature • Acceleration • Humidity • Pressure • etc. • Resistance • Capacitance • Current • Voltage • etc. 10011101 Convert to voltage Converts voltage to digital number Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  32. Digital Communications • Sending bits between each other • Serial communication • Sending bits one by one • UART, SPI, I2C, USB, etc. • Parallel communication • Sending multiple bits at one time • Ethernet 10011101 A B Our focus 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 A B A 1 B 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  33. TI Embedded Processing Portfolio TI Embedded Processors Microcontrollers (MCUs) Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) ARM®-Based Processors Ultra Low power DSP Multi-coreDSP DSP DSP+ARM 16-bit ultra- low power MCUs 32-bit real-time MCUs 32-bit ARMCortex™-M3 MCUs ARM Cortex-A8 MPUs C2000™ Delfino™ Piccolo™ C6000™ Sitara™ ARM® Cortex™-A8 & ARM9 Stellaris® ARM® Cortex™-M3 C5000™ C6000™ DaVinci™ video processors MSP430™ OMAP™ 300MHz to >1Ghz +Accelerator Cache RAM, ROM USB, ENET, PCIe, SATA, SPI Floating/Fixed Point Video, Audio, Voice, Security, Conferencing $5.00 to $200.00 Up to 300 MHz+Accelerator Up to 320KB RAMUp to 128KB ROM USB, ADC McBSP, SPI, I2C Audio, Voice Medical, Biometrics $3.00 to $10.00 24.000 MMACS Cache RAM, ROM SRIO, EMAC DMA, PCIe Telecom test & meas, media gateways, base stations $40 to $200.00 300MHz to >1GHz Cache, RAM, ROM USB, CAN,PCIe, EMAC Industrial computing, POS & portable data terminals $5.00 to $20.00 40MHz to 300 MHz Flash, RAM 16 KB to 512 KB PWM, ADC, CAN, SPI, I2C Motor Control, Digital Power, Lighting, Ren. Enrgy $1.50 to $20.00 Up to 25 MHz Flash1 KB to 256 KB Analog I/O, ADCLCD, USB, RF Measurement,Sensing, General Purpose $0.25 to $9.00 Up to 100 MHz Flash8 KB to 256 KB USB, ENET MAC+PHY CAN, ADC, PWM, SPI Connectivity, Security,Motion Control, HMI,Industrial Automation $1.00 to $8.00 Software & Dev. Tools Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  34. MSP430F1xx Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  35. MSP430F4xx Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  36. MSP430F2xx Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  37. What Has Changed? Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  38. F5xx vs. Prior MSP430 Generations PRELIMINARY Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  39. MSP430 Roadmap FR57xx FRAM F550x USB F51x2 Lighting F552x USB CC430 RF Device G2xx5 Production Development G2xx2 F6/563x BGM, Catalog • 100+ devices • 2xx-Catalog • 16 MIPS • 120 kB Flash • 8 kB RAM • 500 nA Standby • 1.8 – 3.6V F261x F241x • The New Generation • 5xx-6xx • 25MIPS • 256 kB Flash • 16 kB RAM • 1.8 – 3.6V • FRAM, USB, RF • 6xx: LCD Controller • 160 uA/MIPS F53xx Gen Purpose F543xA F23x-F24x F23x0 F23x0 L092 0.9V Native F541x G = Value Line F = Flash FR = FRAM F22xx F21x2 F21x1 F15x-F16x F20xx FG461x F471xx F13x-F14x Fx43x F43x F12xx G2xx1 F44x • 100+ devices • 4xx: LCD • 16 MIPS • 120 kB Flash • 8 kB RAM • LCD Controller, 160 segments • 1.8 – 3.6V Fx47x F11xx Fx42x • 75+ devices • 1xx-Catalog • 8MIPS • 60 kB Flash • 10 kB RAM • 1.8 – 3.6 V F47x4 Fx42x0 F41x2 F41x FE42x2 Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  40. The eZ430 Family of MSP430 Tools • The eZ430 is a tradition of low-cost, easy-to-use tools for MSP430 • Options include RF, energy-harvesting, RFID, even a wireless sports watch development kit! Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  41. Programming Tools Parallel FET Supports ALL MSP430 devices Supports 4-Wire JTAG mode only Fixed output voltage of 2.8V No JTAG fuse blow Simple hardware circuit, possible to implement as part of a product USB FET Supports ALL MSP430 devices Supports 4-Wire and 2-Wire (Spy-Bi-Wire) JTAG Adjustable output voltage: 1.8 - 3.6V, 100mA JTAG fuse blow Fast operation Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  42. Gang Programmer GANG430 Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  43. Target Boards for Device Programming 100-pin target board exclusive to the F543x(A) / F541x(A) devices Development board with 100-pin TSSOP (PW) ZIF socket (MSP-TS430PZ5x100) All pins brought out to pin headers for easy access Programming via JTAG, Spy-bi-wire or BSL A FET board exists for most variants of MSP430 Only $49 Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  44. MSP-EXP430FG4618 Experimenter Board Connector for CC1100/CC1101/CC2500/CC2420 EMs Includes support for the CC2480 ZigBee Processor SW examples and function library available at www.ti.com/ccmsplib Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  45. MSP430 Software Tools Wireless Networking Protocols Z-Stack (CC2520 + MSP430F5438 ZigBee) TI-MAC SimpliciTI (on MSP430 MediaWiki) DASH7 Wireless M-Bus 6LoPAN Example Code for the MSP-EXP430F5438 Experimenter Board (www.ti.com/msp430tools) Drivers for hardware peripherals, LCD, USB conn. Operating Systems uC-OSII IAR PowerPac Salvo FreeRTOS Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  46. www.ti.com/msp430 User’s Guides Datasheets Code Libraries 100+ Application Reports 1000+ Code Examples Product Brochure Latest Tool Software 3rd Party Listing Silicon Errata Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  47. Section 2: Software Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  48. Typical PC Program # include # define ……. main () { do something; wait for input; terminate; } Other sub-functions () External response (mouse/keyboard) Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  49. Typical Structure of Our Program # include # define ……. main () { System and Peripherals initialization for(;;) // forever loop { 1. wait for interrupt(sleep) 2. do something after return from interrupt } } • Peripherals initialization routines () • Other sub-functions () Internal/External Events (ISR) Interrupt Service Routines () { 1. Quickly do something or Setting flags } Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

  50. Initialization • Configure hardware into a proper state • How to configure • set registers • Registers • each hardware subsystem has its own registers • store configuration, status, buffer, and etc. • set these registers properly in order to get it works • How to set the registers properly • MSP430x1xx family user ‘s guide Wireless Sensor Network And Labs fall 2010

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