1. Core Topic 8 Storage and handling of vaccine

2. Learning Outcome • To follow correct procedures for storage and handling of vaccines Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

3. Learning Objectives • Describe the cold chain and the importance of its maintenance • Specify minimum/maximum temperatures for vaccine storage • Describe the effects of temperature on potency and efficacy of vaccine • Describe the requirements for the correct ordering, delivery and storage of vaccines in the workplace • Identify vaccines sensitive to light heat and freezing • Know how to manage breakdowns in the cold chain, where • to dispose of damaged vaccine, who to inform and what action to take • Explain how to audit current management of cold chain within their practice area. Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

4. Cold Chain • The ‘cold chain’ is the system of transporting and storing vaccines within the safe temperature range of 2˚C to 8˚C • (Nayda C., Kempe A., Miller N. Keep it Cool: the Vaccine Cold Chain. Guidelines for Immunisation Providers on Maintaining the Cold Chain. Second edition. Commonwealth of Australia 2001) Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

5. Why is the cold chain important? • Vaccines are: • Biological products • lose potency with time • Process irreversible and accelerated if proper storage conditions are not adhered to. Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

6. Why is the cold chain important? • 2. Assurance/confidence in potent product and vaccine programmes • Professional responsibility • Confident the vaccines you give will be effective • Public Health responsibility • Public confidence in immunisation programmes Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

7. Why is the cold chain important? • 3. Ensuring maximum benefit from immunisations • Responsibility not to waste scarce NHS resources • Reduce wastage from errors Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

8. Vaccine costs and wastage • The Department of Health spends over £150 million a year on vaccines for the routine childhood programme, all of which are provided free of charge to GP surgeries and PCTs • The cost to provide vaccines for the completion of a routine childhood immunisation schedule to an individual child up to the age of 16 is over £200 • (Vaccine Update Jan 2008) • This dose not include a 3 dose course of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccine! Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

9. Why is the cold chain important? • 4.Compliance with SPC/Manufacturer • Any vaccine that has not been stored at a temperature of 2-8ºC as per its licensing conditions is no longer a licensed product • Responsibility/ liability rests with immunisation provider and PCT. Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

10. Sensitivity to HEAT BCG Varicella MMR MenC Hepatitis B DT and/or aP/IPV/HIB Sensitivity to COLD HepB and combination DTand/or aP/IPV/HIB Influenza MenC *MMR *Varicella *BCG (*Freeze dried) Vaccine Stability • MOST SENSITIVE • LEAST SENSITIVE Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

11. Light Sensitive Sensitive to strong light, sunlight, ultraviolet, fluorescents (neon) BCG MMR Varicella Meningococcal C Conjugate Most DTaP containing vaccines • Vaccines should always be stored in their original packaging until point of use to protect them from light Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

12. Vaccine Storage X No food or medical specimens X Do not place fridge in direct sunlight or near heat source X Do not remove vaccines from original boxes until ready to use X Do not store vaccines in fridge doors or in solid plastic trays/containers within the fridge X Keep vaccines away from fridge walls and cold air vents • Use a dedicated vaccine fridge • Safeguard electricity supply • No more than 50% full • Place vaccines in clearly labelled plastic mesh baskets • Group vaccines by type (Paediatric, Adult, Adolescent) • Defrost/calibrate fridge regularly • Ensure back up facilities are available in the event of fridge failing • Picture taken from www.medisave.co.uk Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

13. Temperature Monitoring • Use max/min thermometer • Probe should be placed in the centre of fridge • Temperature should be recorded at least once a day • Reset daily • Calibrate as recommended • Take immediate action if temperature is outside recommended range Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

14. Sample refrigerator temperature record chart • Available at: http://www2.cdc.gov/nip/isd/immtoolkit/content/vacstorage/logs.htm Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

15. Storage temperature • Never exceed 8ºC or fall below 2ºC • Aim for 5ºC • Aim to maintain vaccine fridge as close as possible to 5˚C as this gives a safety margin of + or – 3˚c Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

16. Ordering and Delivery • Named trained designated person and deputy who haveoverall responsibility for ordering, receipt and care of vaccines. • Responsibilities include: • Ensuring cold chain has been maintained during transport and managing receipt of vaccines directly into refrigeration • Checking delivery for leakage, damage and discrepancies • Rotation of stock • Maintaining stock information system to keep track of orders, expiry dates and running total of vaccines • Ensuring adequate supply/ Minimising over ordering or stockpiling Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

17. Risks of excess stock • Over-Packed • Fridge • Poor Air • Flow • Poor Storage • Rotation • Freezing • Increased Risk • of using out of • date Stock • Sub-Optimal • Vaccines • Increased • Waste • Unprotected • patient • Increased Cost • To Clinic Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

18. Cool Boxes and Transporting vaccines • Use a validated cool box and ice packs from recognised medical supply company • Monitor maximum/minimum temperature, recording at regular intervals • Vaccines should be wrapped in bubble wrap or similar insulation material to prevent direct contact with ice packs • Use insulating material to fill any spaces within the cool box • Only take enough vaccine for particular session and minimise exposure of the vaccines to room temperatures Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

19. What to do if there has been a Cold Chain failure • Prior to administration • Any vaccine that has not been stored at a temperature of 2-8ºC as per its licensing conditions is no longer a licensed product • Where there is any doubt that cold chain has not been maintained, vaccines should not be used until further advice has been sought from the vaccine manufacturer • Written procedure for the disposal of vaccines by incineration should be available locally Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

20. Post administration • Treat as Serious Untoward Incident • Inform Practice Manager/Line Manager/PCT of the incident • Suspend all immunisation clinics until resolved Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

21. Best practice in Cold Chain compliance • Defined local policies should be in place and written in accordance with PGDs, SPCs, DH ‘Green Book’ • Regular audit of current practice • Training • Local multidisciplinary support Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

22. Useful resources • Chapter 3&4 Green Book: “Storage, distribution and disposal of vaccines” and “Immunisation Procedures” • Poster and plug stickers available to order from DH publications orderline (www.dh.gov.uk) • CDC Vaccine Storage and Handling Toolkit http://www2a.cdc.gov/vaccines/ed/shtoolkit/ • WHO. Temperature sensitivity of vaccines. August 2006. http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/847.pdf Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections

23. Minimum slide set created by: • Immunisation Department, • Centre for Infections, • Health Protection Agency • to assist teaching of the Core Curriculum for Immunisation Training • (see http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/vaccination/training_menu.htm) Immunisation Department, Centre for Infections