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THE NEED FOR SMALL FUSION REACTORS

THE NEED FOR SMALL FUSION REACTORS. Brendan McNamara, Leabrook Computing,2008 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. GLOBAL NUCLEAR ENERGY. NUCLEAR ENERGY STALLS. SLOWER GROWTH MISSES ALL TARGETS. LOW GROWTH IN RECESSION LEAVES NUCLEAR AS MINOR PLAYER AT ~20% MEDIUM GROWTH LEADS TO

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THE NEED FOR SMALL FUSION REACTORS

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  1. THE NEED FORSMALL FUSION REACTORS Brendan McNamara, Leabrook Computing,2008 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  2. GLOBAL NUCLEAR ENERGY brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  3. NUCLEAR ENERGY STALLS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  4. SLOWER GROWTH MISSES ALL TARGETS LOW GROWTH IN RECESSION LEAVES NUCLEAR AS MINOR PLAYER AT ~20% MEDIUM GROWTH LEADS TO TIGHT MARKETS FOR MINED URANIUM ENERGY INDEPENDENCE FOR A FEW MASSIVE USE OF WIND & SOLAR AT 3X$ OR COAL + RUNAWAY GLOBAL WARMING RECYCLING + FUSION FUEL BREEDING CHANGES ALL SCENARIOS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  5. BREEDING FISSILE FUEL • 1T PLUTONIUM  1000 GWTH-days • 1T D-T FUEL  5000 GWTH-days • & 16 X NEUTRONS • ALL AT 14.1 MeV • 1 FUSION FROM HOT FUEL  17.1 MeV • 1 FISSION from a COLD NEUTRON  200 Mev • TRANSMUTATION OF U-238 …… • 1 kg FUSION NEUTRONS  239 kg Pu • OR, WITH MULTIPLIER  360 kg Pu • HOT NEUTRONS IS THE PRIMARY PRODUCT! brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  6. DEPLETED URANIUM A MAJOR RESOURCE ENOUGH DU IN UK TO RUN ALL ELECTRIC ECONOMY FOR 500 YEARS DEPLETED URANIUM brenergy@gmail.com

  7. START @ CULHAM brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  8. NSTX PRINCETON brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  9. TOKAMAK CONFINEMENT brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  10. MAST & NSTX PERFORMANCE • IPB98: tE = 0.0562 Ip0.93 Bt0.15 R1.97 (a/R)0.58 M0.19 ne0.41 k0.78 P_in-0.69 • NSTX: Kaye et al. B SCALING MUCH STRONGER THAN ITER • Valovic et al., CULHAM: SIMILAR FOR COMBINED MAST/NSTX DATA • Kaye-Valovic: (MAST-type): • tE = Cp Ip 0.51-0.59 Bt1.08-1.6 R1.97 (a/R)0.58 M0.19 ne0.0-0.44 k0.78 Pin-0.73 • McNAMARA: SELF CONSISTENT POINT MODEL FOR • I , B, T, n , P-fusion & tE, • WITH PLASMA PROFILES & GIVEN MAGNETIC GEOMETRY brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  11. MICRO-INSTABILITY brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  12. ST DESIGN SPACES brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  13. BIG & COOL 25MW REACTOR MAGNETIC FIELD R=1.50 a= 0.94 Kappa= 3.00 Eps= 0.63 Delta=0.40 Bt=3.25 PLASMA Ip=6.00 Beta=5.54 N20-peak=0.65 Ti-peak=10.01 Te-peak= 7.68 H=1.10 brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  14. FIRST WALL NEUTRON DAMAGE Sergei Dudarev, ITER Materials Chair, Imperial College & Culham brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  15. DEPLETED URANIUM TOPLUTONIUM REACTOR FUEL MOIR 1985 Cleanest fuel Breeding cycle Ever. Low radioactivity. No need for Fission Breeders. Enough Depleted Uranium in Sellafield For 500 years of an All electric UK! brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  16. FUSION NEUTRONS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  17. THORIUM & U-233 brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  18. CROSS BREEDING FUEL brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  19. 5 MISSIONS FORSMALL FUSION REACTORS BREED Pu FROM DU – CLEAN, LOW RADIOACTIVITY BREED U-233 FROM THORIUM BREED TRITIUM FOR SFusR FLEETS DESTROY LONG LIVED FISSION PRODUCTS FUSION-FISSION POWER REACTORS WITH RECYCLED Pu brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  20. SCALING MULTIPLE UNITS  HIGH AVAILABILITY, EASY MAINTENANCE LOW POWER  EXPENSIVE ELECTRICITY ITER MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR FUSION POWER DEVELOPMENT FAST REACTORS UNECCESSARY OPERATED UNDER OUR STRICT NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS LOCKDOWN. brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  21. LASER FUSION BREEDER brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  22. Be MULTIPLIER SPECTRUM brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  23. LIFE & ST BLANKETS Seed the startup. Run slowly shifting fuel balance. Thorium version, Moir 2008 brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  24. LLNL FUSION ACHIEVEMENTS MAJOR COMPONENTS OF FUSION PROGRAMMES SUPERB TECHNICAL ABILITY INVENTIONS MICROSTABLE PLASMAS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  25. OTHER FUSION HYBRIDS? • Q~5 FUSION FUEL FACTORIES • A NEW GOALPOST brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  26. LIQUID WALL MIRROR • 10-15M CENTRAL COLUMN  30MW • VERTICAL • FOR EASY • LIQUID WALL DESIGN. brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  27. 10A/20keV NEUTRAL BEAM brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  28. BEST US COMPUTING brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  29. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  30. RESTORE THE US FUSION PROJECTS!OBAMA: $150Bn forRenewable Energy & Nuclear?Yucca Mtn $25Bn diverted? brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  31. ANOTHER FUSION FATE ALIEN TECHNOLOGY BURIED AT SECRET GOVERNMENT SITE brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  32. GROWING UP WITH FUSION brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  33. GROWING UP WITH FUSION brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  34. ST POWER REACTORS brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  35. SUPPORTING SLIDES brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  36. IAEA FUSION CONF., GENEVA brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  37. brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  38. D3D @ GENERAL ATOMIC brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  39. MHRs can also use diverse fuels in same core design: because of properties of graphite and helium Common Reactor Core - Ultra Safe Design Low-Enriched Uranium TRISO Electricity LWR Spent Fuel TRISO Heat Weapons Surplus Pu TRISO TRISO fuel in fuel blocks Lithium Breeds Tritium 1.7 kg/GW-y Hydrogen brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  40. PWR FUEL 4.5% 235U 95.5% 238U SPENT FUEL 1.1% 235U 92.0% 238U 0.12% Acts. 1.3% Pu 5.5% ASH -Fission Products RECYCLING ‘SPENT FUEL’ PWR Breeding Ratio 0.6 UREX 93% U 2.5% Fissile 5.5%FP brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  41. U-235 & Pu-239 FISSION Fusion 14.1 Mev  Shows why thermal reactors are easiest to build,. Plutonium is best for bombs. Fusion and Fast Reactors can burn anything. Australian Uranium Association brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  42. DEEP BURN GT-MHR General Atomics: Inflammable – No Meltdown – Burns U, Pu, Actinide Waste – High Temperature (900 C) – 50% Thermal Efficiency – No Pu leakage – 300 year ILW. Russian Weapons Pu Burner brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  43. VI. MILLION YEAR TRISO FUEL Any enriched Fuel: U, Pu, Actinides Contains all fission Products for 1 million years No Pu leakage to contaminate structures  No long lived ILW brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  44. MOLTEN SALT THORIUM BREEDER 232Th + n 233Pa + b- + g233U + b- • THORIUM: • Good for another 3000 Years • France leads Gen IV research on: • PWRs • MHRs • MSThBR • GCFR • SFR • Recycling • UK Selling out DBERR BUREAUCRACY HAS WITHDRAWN THE UK FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE GENERATION IV PROGRAMME 2007 brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  45. UK Committee on Radioactive Waste Management • Propose geological storage for all spent fuel, depleted Uranium, and ILW. WRONG • Should build Nuclear Fuel Vaults good for 1000 years. • Should build Advanced Fuel Cycle & TRISO reprocessing plants. • Should reserve all 300 year ‘waste’ of valuable metals. • Should put the small amounts of ash and long lived waste in deep disposal. brenergy@leabrook.co.uk

  46. URANIUM MARKETS IAEA RED BOOK URANIUM RANK Mt MINE PWRS DATE KNOWN 3.2 2000 207 EXPECTED 5.1 2020 330 SPECULATIVE 12.1 2030 784 MIT GUESS 80 2030 5174 SEAWATER 4000 ???? 258699 MUST EXTRACT FROM ENTIRE GULF STREAM! brenergy@gmail.com

  47. FUEL ENRICHMENT Spent fuel is still 95% fuel All Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium, Neptunium, & higher Actinides can be transmuted and fissioned. Each tonne can yield ~1000 GWth-days Enough Uranium to run 10,000 reactors for 2000 years. brenergy@gmail.com

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