Chap.15 動物的生殖

Chap.15 動物的生殖 Life Science 2010 鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作

Asexual Reproduction 無性繁殖 • Binary fission：一分為二 • Regeneration：再生 • budding ：發芽繁殖 • parthenogenesis：孤雌生殖 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.1 水螅 (Hydra)的發芽繁殖。 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Sexual reproduction Fig. 15.2 insemination in chorus frogs. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

雄性雌性 Essay 15.1 How they do it. 蜻苓↑ Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Essay 15.1 How they do it. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.3 溯溪而上的鮭魚。回到其出生地，完成生殖活動後，集體死亡。 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

長期的親密關係 Fig. 15-4 Long-term bonds are built between the sexes of a variety of animals. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

尿道海綿組織膀胱膀胱恥骨海綿組織前列腺肛門 Fig. 15.5 The male reproductive system Chap.15 Animal reproduction

輸卵管 子宮陰蒂大陰唇陰道尿道 Fig. 15.6 the female reproductive system 輸卵管壁上的纖毛 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

腦下垂體 Fig. 15.7 The relationship of female reproductive hormones and the events in the ovary and uterus during a 28-day menstrual cycle. 黃體體溫 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

The human sexual response • The physical prerequisites of copulation are simply an erect penis and a lubricated vagina. • These conditions are usually achieved during the course of precopulatory sexual behavior or foreplay. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Penis erected • The human penis is supplied with a great number of blood vessels, some of which open into large blood chambers. • Parallel veins and arteries service the penis, and during sexual arousal, the arteries relax and enlarge, allowing an increased blood flow into the spongy tissue of the penis. • The veins, however are compressed as the spongy tissue fills with blood. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Female response • In women, foreplay also causes blood to accumulate in certain structures. • One result of this is the vaginal walls seep fluid that serves as a lubricating substance. • The lubricating may begin, however, well before she is emotionally ready for intercourse. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

As foreplay continues • With more extensive foreplay, the labia minora and clitoris may enlarge and redden as blood rushes to those areas. • About this time, the nipples may also harden and enlarge. • As foreplay continues, the shoulders and chest may mottle and the breasts may enlarge and grow more sensitive. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

copulation • Copulation involves the insertion of the erect penis into the vagina. • After a few or many pelvic thrusts, the male ejaculates. • The semen usually ejects from the penis with considerable force in the first few contractions. • It is in this first fluid that the greater part of the spem is concentrated. (Fig. 15.8) Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15-8 Human sperm. Each ejaculation normally contains 200 to 800 million sperm. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.9 A human egg descending toward the uterus. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.10 The sperm have reached the egg and have surrounded it. However, only one sperm will enter into fertilization. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Orgasm • Orgasm, which normally accompanies ejaculation, is part of the final stage of the copulatory act. • The accompanying physiological changes include an increase in blood pressure and a quickened pulse. • The postclimactic period is marked by a feeling of relaxation. The blood vessels return to their original state, and the penis again becomes flaccid.(癱軟) Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Essay 15.2 Why your children will not look exactly alike. The odds of you having children with identical genetic constituents have been calculated at about 1 in 14 trillion. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Sex and Society • Among chimpanzees, a pink lady may copulate with every adult male in the group, as well as some adolescents. • Since only one male is needed to impregnate the female, the act of copulation is believed to a means of developing social bonds within the group. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Contraception • Table 15.3 summary of contraceptive methods. • The rhythm method 男女合作失敗率 24/100 • Coitus interrupts 男生失敗率 30/100 • The condom 男生失敗率 7-30/100 • Diaphragm 女生失敗率 2-20/100 • The cervical cap 女生失敗率 2-20/100 • spermicides 女生失敗率 10-25/100 • IUD (Intrauterine device) 失敗率 1/100 • The birth control pill 失敗率 1-3/100 Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15-11 An advertisement encouraging the use of condoms as protection against sexually transmitted disease. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15-12 The diaphragm and cervical cap both operate on the same principle, blocking the cervix. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.13 the simple procedure of a vasectomy. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15-14 Tubal lifation is a means of sterlization in women. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Fig. 15.15 People feel strongly about the rights of women to decide whether to have children. Some are very opposed to the right to end a pregnancy with an abortion. Chap.15 Animal reproduction

問題與討論！ japalura@hotmail.com Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ Chap.15 Animal reproduction

Chap.15 動物的生殖