National survey

2. National survey • Theme Transitions to adulthood: social context, education, work, and marriage among 15 to 24 year olds • Objective To establish a base of knowledge to facilitate national debate, action, and research on youth and adolescents

3. Northern Areas Azad Jammu Kashmir Sampling sites(October 2001–March 2002) Rural Urban

4. Framework for studying adolescents Opportunities Schools/colleges Jobs Training centers Health facilities Leisure opportunities Information Constraints Community attitudes Poverty Social sanctions Antecedents Gender Household economic status Region Parents’ characteristics Outcomes Education Work Marriage Childbearing

5. Social Dimensions

6. Mobility Able to go alone to:

7. Parental concerns for girls’ mobility • Family reputation • Street harassment • Personal reputation • Family opposition/tradition

8. Parental concerns for boys’ mobility • Bad company • Drug addiction • Immoral activities • Personal/family reputation • Physical harm

9. Young people’s participation in important life decisions Education Work 69 63 55 54 Marriage 29 13

10. Daily time allocation(15-19) Female Male

11. Education

12. Completion of primary school Rural Urban

13. Class at dropout by socioeconomic status High SES Female Male Low SES

14. Average number of classes completed by SES (20-24)

15. Reasons for school dropout

16. Young people’s views about appropriate level of education

17. Work

18. Currently working for pay and willing to work for pay 96 100 83 78 20-24 15-19

19. Ever worked for pay Socioeconomic status (15-19)

20. Male 15-19 20-24 Percent Female Age Trends in paid work

21. Female Male Distribution of paid work

22. 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 5 10 15 20 24 Paid work and school School only Paid work only Other Paid work and school status Females Males 10 20 24 5 15 Age Age

23. Domestic, paid and unpaid work (hours per day) 20-24 15-19 8.4 7.0 6.1 4.5

24. Puberty, Marriage and Childbearing

25. Female Male Percent married(20-24) Source: Durrant 2000

26. M puberty F puberty M marriage F marriage F pregnancy M W’s preg. Transition to puberty, marriage and childbearing

27. Females married at each age by educational attainment 24

28. Married and pregnant before 20(20-24)

29. Antenatal care received by females for first birth

30. Contraceptive useamong married women (20-24)

31. Conclusions

32. Education • Young people’s aspirations for education exceed their current levels. • Young women are less likely to enroll and more likely to drop out, once enrolled. • Young people from the poorest families, especially girls, are particularly disadvantaged.

33. Employment • There are dramatic differences between young men and women in levels, types and hours of work. • Most young people, especially girls, want to work if opportunities are available. • Young people have limited opportunities for developing skills through work.

34. Marriage and childbearing • The gap between puberty and marriage is widening. • Most young women are unable to use the time between puberty and marriage for substantive skills-enhancing activities. • Childbearing follows marriage almost immediately.

36. Recommendations • Functioning schools of reasonable quality are a priority, especially for girls and for rural youth. • A healthy and growing economy is essential for the creation of adequate paid employment for young people. • Media should play a role to project positive images of women’s roles outside the home. • Young husbands and wives should receive counseling on delaying first birth.

37. Overall Recommendations • A uniform youth policy is not suitable for Pakistan. • Youth programs and plans must be designed to meet the needs of a diverse youth population. • Priority in all programs and plans should be given to the needs of young women and poor youth.