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### Understanding Complex Lipids: Structure, Types, and Functions in Cell Membranes ###

Complex lipids are essential components of cell membranes, categorized into phospholipids, glycolipids, and sphingolipids. Phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, consist of fatty acids and phosphate groups, playing crucial roles in membrane structure. The fluid mosaic model describes their arrangement, allowing for the diffusion of nonpolar compounds. Glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine serve as major membrane components, while sphingolipids are integral to nerve axons. Glycolipids contribute carbohydrate residues, particularly in the brain, enhancing cell signaling. ###

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### Understanding Complex Lipids: Structure, Types, and Functions in Cell Membranes ###

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  1. Chapter 13 Section 13.4-13.8 Savannah, Ashley, Erika

  2. Section 13.4 What are the Structures of Complex Lipids? Complex Lipids: • Complex lipids are important because they constitute the main components of membranes. • Complex lipids can be classified into two groups. Phospholipids: • Contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosophate group • There are two types: • Glycerophospholipids have glycerol as the alcohol • Sphingolipids have sphingosine as the alcohol

  3. Section 13.4 (cont.) Glycolipids: • These are complex lipids that contains carbohydrates

  4. Section 13.5 What Role Do Lipids Play in the Structure of Membranes? Structure of Complex Lipids • Complex lipids form the membranes around body cells and around small structures inside the cells. • These membranes are made up of lipid bilayers • Unsaturated fatty acids are important components because they prevent the tight packing of the hydrophobic chains in the lipid bilayers

  5. Section 13.5 (cont.) • The fluid mosaic model of membranes allows the passage of nonpolar compounds by diffusion. These compounds are soluble in the lipids membranes.

  6. Section 13.6 • What are Glycerophospholipids? • Similar structure to fats • Membrane components throughout the body • Alcohol is glycerol • 2 out of 3 groups are esterified by fatty acids • The third group is esterfied by a phosphate group, which is also esterfied to another alcohol • If the other alcohol is choline, a quarternary ammonium compound, the glycerophospholipids are called phosphatidylcholines (lecithin)

  7. Section 13.6 (cont.) • May be long-chain carboxlyic acids, with or without double bonds • In glycerophospholipids, lecithins, caphalins, and phosphatidylinositols, the fatty acid on carbon 2 of glycerol is ALWAYS unsaturated

  8. Section 13.6 (cont.) • Lecitin • Stearicacid on one end and linoleic acid in the middle • Others contain other fatty acids, but the one on the end is always saturated and the one in the middle is always unsaturated • Major compo nent of egg yolk

  9. Section 13.6 (cont.) • Includes both polar and nonpolar portions all within one molecule • Excellent emulsifier • Used in mayonnaise • Negitively charged phosphate group • Positively charged quaternary nitrogen from the choline • Hydrophilic head, rest is hydrophobic

  10. Section 13.6 (cont.) • Cephalins • Similar to lecithins in every way except for having other alcohols such as ethanolamine or serine instead of choline • Phosphatidylinositols (PI) • Alcohol insolitol is bonded to the rest of the molecule by a phosphate ester bond • Have higher forms such as phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphates (PIP2) • Serve as signaling molecules in chemical communication

  11. Section 13.7 • What are Sphingolipids ? • The different complex lipids found in the nerve axons coating, Myelin • Not randomly distributed in membranes • Example • Viral membranes appear on the inside

  12. Section 13.7 (cont.) • Alcohol portion is Sphingosine • Long –chain fatty acid • Connected by –NH₂ by amide bond • -OH group is on the other end

  13. Setions 13.7 (cont.) • Ceramide • Fatty acid combined with sphingosine • Colored part • Complex lipids – many different fatty acids

  14. Section 13.7 (cont.) • Sphingomyelins • Most important lipids in the myelin sheaths • Johann Thudichum • Discovered in 1874 • Named them after Greek mythology monster - Sphink

  15. Section 13.8 • What Are Glycolipids? • Complex lipids • Made up of Carbohydrates and ceramides

  16. Section 13.8 (cont.) • Cerebrosides is made up of mono- or oligosaccha of ceramide • 18-carbon or 24- carbon chains • Primarily in the brain • Nerve synapses • Glangliosides are made up of more complex carbohydrate structure

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