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Freshwater

Freshwater. Study G uide A nswers. 1. What percentage of the Earth is covered by water?. 70% . 1. What percentage of the Earth is Freshwater? Saltwater ?. 3%= Freshwater 97 %= Saltwater . 2. What percentage of freshwater is Ice? Groundwater? Lake and Rivers?. 76%= Ice 23%= Groundwater

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Freshwater

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  1. Freshwater Study Guide Answers

  2. 1. What percentage of the Earth is covered by water? 70%

  3. 1. What percentage of the Earth is Freshwater? Saltwater? 3%= Freshwater 97 %= Saltwater

  4. 2. What percentage of freshwater is Ice? Groundwater? Lake and Rivers? 76%= Ice 23%= Groundwater 1%= Lakes & Rivers

  5. Can you believe that 76% of freshwater is in the form of ice?!?!?!

  6. 3. Define Precipitation, condensation, evaporation, and transpiration. • Precipitation – falls back to Earth (hail, sleet, rain, snow) • Condensation – from gas to liquid. Loses energy. Forms clouds • Evaporation – from liquid to gas (vapor). Gains energy • Transpiration – from liquid to gas through leaves of plants.

  7. 4. When are water molecules gaining energy in the water cycle and when are they losing energy in the water cycle? Gains=evaporation Loses=Condensation

  8. 5. Explain the Water cycle. What powers the water cycle?

  9. Elementary Water Cycle

  10. Middle School Water Cycle permeable impermeable

  11. Explain the Water Cycle • Water moves from bodies of water, land and living things to the atmosphere and back to the Earth’s surface • Main steps: evaporation-condensation- precipitation • The amount of water on Earth is staying about the same • Without water, there wouldn’t be living things…including us!

  12. What is it powered by? The water cycle is powered by the: SUN

  13. 6. During which process of the water cycle does cloud formation take place? CONDENSATION Water vapor cools onto solid surfaces such as dust particles

  14. 7. What is the difference between point and non-point pollution? Give an example of each. • Point source pollution – pollution is coming from a specific and identifiable place or pipe. Ex: Waste from a factory • Nonpoint source pollution – problem is from a wide area and cannot be traced back to one place. Ex: fertilizer runoff from a farm

  15. 8. Describe two ways water can be conserved. • Turn off water while brushing teeth • Water plants at night • Take shorter showers. • “If it’s yellow keep it mellow, if it’s brown flush it down” • Run washing machine or dishwasher only when it’s full

  16. 9. Describe two ways to prevent water pollution. • Don’t litter • Use organic pesticides

  17. Salt Water Study Guide Answers

  18. 10. What causes Waves? Answer: The wind

  19. 11. What causes tides? Answer: Tides are mostly caused by the gravitational pull of the earth, moon and sun

  20. 12. How often do tides occur? Answer: -2 High and 2 Low every 24 hours -So, every 6 hours it goes from high to low or low to high Possible Tide Chart: 4:00 am-high 10:00 am-low 4:00 pm-high 10:00 pm-low

  21. This is a view from above the North Pole. This is what is happening at the beach!

  22. 13. What is Salinity Answer: The amount of salts and other solids that are dissolved in water

  23. 14. Where do the salts in salt water come from ? Answer: Erosion of rocks from waves and wind Deposition of sediments from rivers

  24. 15. What is the most abundant salt in ocean water? Answer: Sodium Chloride NaCl

  25. 16.Which areas have high salinity? Low Salinity? Why? Answer: High: Where there’s a lot of evaporation, so in hot, dry climates. Evaporation leaves the salt behind when it changes liquid water to gas Low: Mouth of a river. The fresh water meets salt water causing lower salinity.

  26. NOAA map of ocean's salinity. Continents in gray • Salinity varies based on • Temperature and evaporation of water. When water evaporates, it leaves the salt behind making the water saltier (orange). 2. Closeness to a “fresh” water source like a river or icebergs causes low salinity (blue).

  27. 17. What happens to water temperature as you descend through the ocean? Answer: Decrease in temperature

  28. 17. What happens to pressure as you descend through the ocean? Answer: It increases!!!

  29. 18. Describe deep ocean currents • Caused by the change of density (more dense=sink, less dense=rise up) • Temperature and salinity effects the density (colder and more salinity in the deep parts)

  30. 19. Describe surface ocean currents • Caused by wind • Paths are deflected due to Corioliseffect • Remember Coriolisis the path of the currents due to the rotation of the Earth

  31. Surface currents are caused by wind. Surface currents near the equator are warm.

  32. 20. What is the Coriolis Effect? the apparent curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the Earth’s rotation.

  33. 21. What affect does the Coriolis Effect have on currents in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere: Counter clockwise (Opposite of a clock) Northern Hemisphere: Clockwise

  34. 22. What is the Gulf Stream and why does it affect England’s weather? Ocean currents can affect climate by warming or cooling the air above the current. Example – England is warmer than it should be based on its latitude because of the Gulf Stream current coming from the southern USA.

  35. 23. List three ways we explore the ocean floor. • SCUBA-Self contained breathing apparatus. Makes humans able to breathe underwater • Sonar-uses sound waves to map the ocean floor • Submersibles-small vehicles that are designed for underwater exploration • Satellites-used for temperature, salinity, storm tracker, etc.

  36. Ship using sonar and what it discovered. Sonar – (S0und Navigation and Ranging) Sonar tells us about the shape of the ocean floor by sending sound waves to the ocean floor and measuring how long it takes the energy to return. This tells us the topography of the ocean floor. Do you remember what topography is?

  37. Submersible craft are built to withstand deep ocean pressure. Often they are unmanned and have robotic "arms."

  38. Satellites

  39. 24. What is the difference between the continental shelf and the continental slope? • Continental shelf – relatively flat part of a continental margin that is covered by shallow ocean water • Continental slope – marks the boundary between the crust of the continent and the crust of the ocean floor.

  40. 25. What is the difference between the mid-ocean ridge and a trench? Where are they located? • Trenches – the greatest depths found along the edges of the ocean floor • Midocean ridge – mountain ranges on the ocean floor.

  41. What is an abyssal plain? The large, flat, almost level area of the deep-ocean basin. It is covered with sediments and the tiny remains of dead marine organisms. Basically, it is the ocean floor.

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