Romanticism & Realism (1804 – 1887)

1. Romanticism & Realism (1804 – 1887)

2. Romanticism Professor A. D’Ascoli

3. Romantic Art Characteristics • Criticism of the past, look to the now • Emphasis on women and children • Respect for nature and its power • Expression of emotion is the key (any emotion) • Supernatural and occult themes

4. Romantic Art • The Wanderer • 1817 – 1818 • Hamburg, Germany • Painting • Artist: Caspar David Friedrich • Greatest of the German Romantic painters • Mist was a favorite subject for Romantic Era painters • Captures feeling of solitude or perhaps triumph

5. The Polar Sea (Sea of Ice) 1823-1825 Hamburg, Germany Painting Caspar David Friedrich His primary interest as an artist was the contemplation of nature, and his often symbolic and anti- classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world.

6. Abbey in the OakWood 1810 Dresden, Germany Painting Caspar David Friedrich He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or as here amongst Gothic ruins.

7. Monk by the Sea 1809-10 Dresden, Germany Painting Caspar David Friedrich Exhibited at same time as Abbey in the OakWood Also captures that solitude

8. Romantic Art • Family of Charles IV • 1800 • Madrid, Spain • Artist: Francisco Goya • Court painter of Charles IV • Goya includes himself in this painting like Velazquez did in Las Meninas • Not a flattering version of the royal family but Goya’s use of color and costumes probably caused them to not notice

9. Romantic Art • Third of May • Madrid, Spain • 1814 – 1815 • Painting • Artist: Francisco Goya • French soldiers execute Madrid citizens for resisting their occupation • Shooters are faceless, inhuman • Victim in Christ-like pose dies for liberty as the Church in darkness allows this to happen

10. The Giant c. 1808 Madrid, Spain Painting Francisco Goya Goya liked to explore the darker side of art

11. Saturn Devouring His Children 1819-1823 Madrid, Spain Painting Francisco Goya Even taking the darker side of classical themes as a reaction against Classicism

12. Romantic Art • Great Courage! Against Corpses! • Madrid, Spain • 1810 – 1823 • Pen and Ink • Artist: Goya • From his series the Disasters of War • Goya attempted to show the brutality and inhumanity of war

13. Napoleon at St. Bernard’s Pass Paris, France 1800 Painting Jacques-Louis David On the cusp of Neo-classical and Romantic Napoleon shown as inspirational character

14. Romantic Art • Raft of the Medusa • 1818 – 1819 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Theodore Gericault • Inspired by his outrage at the ship’s officers and captain saving themselves when the ship sank and left the 150 crewmembers and passengers on a raft • Triangular composition in tribute to Raphael • Dramatic contrasts of light and shadow

16. Insane Woman (Envy) 1822-1823 Paris, France Painting Theodore Gericault Similar in many ways to my mother-in-law Captured realism but in a dark evocative way

17. Romantic Art • Scenes from the Massacre at Chios • 1824 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Eugene Delacroix • Also from a contemporary event • As Greeks declared independence from Turkey, some 10,000 were slaughtered on the island of Chios (birthplace of Homer) • A rival artist nicknamed this “the massacre of painting” because of its loose form and lack of focus

18. Death of Sardanapalus 1826 Paris, France Painting Eugene Delacroix Captured another real event, the slaughter in Turkey, to evoke emotional response

20. Romantic Art • Liberty Leading the People • 1830 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Eugene Delacroix • Commissioned by Louis-Philippe to portray the uprising that led to his being placed in power, it was rejected as too emotional and unskilled at the time it was finished • Notre Dame can be seen in the background • Both aristocrats and commoners were involved • Triangular composition

22. Carceri 14 ca. 1750 Rome, Italy Pen and Ink Giovanni Battista Piranesi Most famous etcher of his time – did 1000s of sketches – precursor to MC Escher with his intricate and often illusion-like drawings

23. The Nightmare 1781 London, England Painting Henry Fuseli Fuseli was Swiss born with Italian roots but painted in England Painting is considered his best and is full of Freudian ideas Pun on nightmare with horse

24. Neo-Classical/Romantic • La Grande Odalisque • 1814 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Ingres • Although he attempted a tribute to Titian’s classical Venus of Urbino, it seems Ingres produced a more mannerist style painting • Ingres was stunned when his work was deemed un-classical • Sensuality is part of this painting despite Ingres’ own protests to the contrary • Odalisque means harem girl

25. Romantic • Odalisque • 1845 – 1850 • Paris, France • Painting • Artist: Delacroix • 31 years later the same themed painting looks dramatically different • No more classical lines, sensuality is in your face

26. Odalisques

27. The Maja Clothed c. 1800 Madrid, Spain Painting Francisco Goya Obvious influence from Titian – Goya made two of these as a sort of flip page book

28. The Maja Nude c. 1800 Madrid, Spain Painting Francisco Goya Same exact pose

29. Romantic Era • The Haywain • 1821 • London, England • Painting • Artist: John Constable • Famous for his romantic era landscape paintings • He sketched from nature but did the final work in his studio • Paintings that celebrate rural life and its attachment ot the land

30. Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California 1868 Painting California Albert Bierstadt American landscape painters also gained worldwide recognition at this time by painting live outdoors rather than in the studio

33. Romantic Era • The Slave Ship • 1840 • London, England • Painting • Artist: J.M.W. Turner • Turner captures a moment that enraged him like that of Gericault’s Raft • Here slaves were thrown overboard during an epidemic because the ship’s captain was insured for loss at sea not illness • The colors suggest the violent act portrayed • Men can be barely seen engulfed in the sea

36. Romantic Era • American Lake Scene • 1844 • New York • Painting • Artist: Thomas Cole • Famed for his realistic landscape works despite his own dislike of them • Paintings of solitude, even when figures are in work they are insignificant and small

37. Romantic Art • Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone • 1872 • Yellowstone, Wyoming • Painting • Artist: Thomas Moran • Influenced by Turner’s use of light after a visit to England – see the Slave Ship • Landscape paintings became so popular in America that they became mass produced changing the face of art forever

38. Romantic Art • La Marseillaise • 1833 – 1836 • Paris, France • Relief Sculpture • Artist: Francois Rude • Placed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris • The use of the arch and a winged female to depict victory were part of the classical ideal • The portrayal of emotion however, is romantic • Sculpture fell out of favor during the Romantic Era and not many works were produced

39. Romantic Art (Neo-Gothic) • Houses of Parliament • 1836 – 1860 • London, England • Architecture • Artists: Charles Barry & WelbyNorthmorePugin • More similar to a Gothic cathedral than to a government office building • Big Ben is the nickname of the clock tower

40. Romantic Art • Opera Garnier • 1861 – 1874 • Paris, France • Architecture • Artist: Charles Garnier • A tribute to the classical world with much more color and vitality added • Luxuriously ornamented in a Baroque manner

41. Opera Garnier

42. Romantic Art • Europe: A Prophecy • 1794 • London, England • Illuminated Manuscript • Author: William Blake • Blake’s idea of God (Urizen) is portrayed here on the 2nd day of creation dividing the heavens and the earth with the compasses

43. Romantic Art • Lord Byron in Albanian Costume • 1814 • London, England • Painting • Artist: Thomas Philips • Philips captures Byron’s eccentricity and his good looks in this work • Famed for his travels and his poems, Byron often got involved in foreign affairs, actually dying while fighting the Turks for Greece’s freedom

44. Pre-Raphaelites

45. Ophelia 1852 London, England Painting- oil on canvas Pre-Raphaelites - rejected the art of the Renaissance in favor of art before Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo (15-16 centuries). The Pre-Raphaelites focused on serious and significant subjects and were best known for painting subjects from modern life and literature often using historical costumes. They painted directly from nature itself, as truthfully as possible and with incredible attention to detail.

46. Proserpine ca. 1877 London, England Painting Dante Gabriel Rossetti In top right is a sonnet the author wrote to the model who posed for this He is considered the master of the Pre-Raphaelites

47. Beata Beatrix ca. 1863 London, England Painting Dante Gabriel Rossetti The Florentine writer Dante can be seen hovering in the background admiring his Beatrice Rossetti saw this work as a memorial to his wife, Elizabeth Siddall, who had died in 1862.

48. Realism

50. Realism Art Characteristics • Everyday people doing ordinary things is a main theme • Concentration on the world as it really is • The artistic attempt to recreate life as it is in the context of an artistic medium • Photography used to capture the harsh realities of life and as an art form