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Understanding Earth's Interior: Seismology, Tectonics, and the Vibrant Layers Below

Explore the Earth's interior through the lens of seismology and understand how seismic waves reveal the structure of our planet. Learn about P-waves (Primary waves) and S-waves (Secondary waves), the different layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core, and the processes that drive the movement of tectonic plates. Discover how convection currents influence geological activity and the implications of earthquakes and tsunamis. Join us on a journey to uncover the mysteries of Earth's layered composition and dynamic nature.

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Understanding Earth's Interior: Seismology, Tectonics, and the Vibrant Layers Below

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  1. How do we see inside the Earth? • What do we use? • __________________________ • Seismology • ____________________________ • What do we know that produces seismic waves?

  2. P-waves “P” or Primary waves • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • Travel through all mediums ( solid, liquid and air)

  3. “S” Waves • “S” or Secondary waves • _______________ • Vibrate ____________/ ____________ • _____________ than “P” waves • Only travel through _______________

  4. The Crust • ________ __________ • Like an eggshell • ___________ • ___________ • Can crack • Two regions: • ______________ (Basalt rock) • ______________ (granite rock) • Crust is _______ dense than the mantle • Like ice on water; the crust _____________ on the mantle

  5. The Mantle • _____________ • Like the crust • __________ • __________ • Iron, magnesium, calcium are heavier elements • Mantle is ________ dense • How does the Earth’s crust add to the density of the mantle? • __________ ___________ down on the mantle…it compresses the minerals, increasing the pressure and squeezing them into rocks.

  6. The Mantle • Higher temperature • Why? • __________ __________ • Decay of radioactive elements

  7. Layers of The Mantle • Upper mantle • ___________ • Rigid rock upper portion of upper mantle • ___________ • Lies beneath lithosphere and “__________” like plastic • It is ________…silly putty • Lower mantle

  8. The Core • ________ layers: inner and outer core • ____ Earth’s volume • ____ Earth’s mass • 2x as dense as the Earth’s mantle • Why? • Made of _____ ______ • Inner core is VERY hot! • Some places as hot as the surface of the sun!

  9. The Inner Core • ______ ______ • How? • __________ from Earth keeps Iron packed tightly; doesn’t allow it’s atoms to ______

  10. The Outer Core • Outer Core • _______ Iron • _______ pressure • _____ and _____ as Earth rotates • Creates _______ _________ • Affects Earth’s ________ • Produces _______ ______ • Possibly responsible for Earth’s magnetic field

  11. Convection Currents • What are convection currents? • ________ of heat flows from ______ to ______ • This sets up a convection current in the ________

  12. Effects of Convection Currents • When the current comes at a weaker part of the ________, for example at a _______, ________ comes above the earth's surface. • This is called ______ _______. • The movement of these plates goes very slowly. • The _______ of two tectonic plates causes an _________. • The ________ _______ along the bottom of the _______ causes the moving of the tectonic plates.

  13. Continental Drift & Tectonic Plates • __________ Hypothesis on Continental Drift • The World’s continents are in ________ • At one time, the continents were ______ together as one… • This was known as _______ • They fit together like a jigsaw puzzle

  14. Continental Drift • Wegner’s theory proposed the landmass known as _______ started breaking up • Separated into two parts: ______ and ________ • Wegner’s theory of the separation of Pangea was supported by ______, _________, _________ and _________ evidence

  15. Seafloor Spreading • Seafloor is not _________ • Constantly _________ itself • ____ ________ ______ (longest & tallest mountain range in the world, center of the ________ Ocean) • Forms ________: Iceland and Azore • There are _______ in the mountains

  16. Plate tectonics • __________ move because they are _________ in plates • The plates shuffle or move _____ of the Earth’s surface • Plates move in _______ _______ and different ______ from each other • There are ______ large plates and several smaller plates

  17. Plate Boundaries • _________ Boundaries • Plates move _____from each other • Comes from rock in the ______________ • Partially melted • The rock partially melts = _______ • It was _____ before it left the _______ of the Earth

  18. Convergent boundaries • Plates move _______ each other

  19. Transform fault boundaries • Plates ______ ______ each other

  20. Earthquakes • Devastating • ______ (force) applied to _____ • Stress causes ______ • Eventually the rock cannot bend anymore • It breaks and releases ______ ______ • The released energy ( ______ _____) travel out in all directions

  21. Earthquakes cont • The initiating site of the seismic wave: _______ • The point at Earth’s surface directly above the focus: ________ • Measured on a _______ _______ ( the increments are _____ fold in magnitude…)

  22. Tsunami • Seismic sea wave • Created by an __________

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