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Introduction to Hydraulic Workover Solutions 液压修井解决方案介绍

Introduction to Hydraulic Workover Solutions 液压修井解决方案介绍. History of Hydraulic Workover 液压修井的历史. Hydraulic Workover “HWO” is a well workover performed using a hydraulic workover (snubbing) unit to run and/or pull tubulars – with or without surface pressure present on the wellhead.

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Introduction to Hydraulic Workover Solutions 液压修井解决方案介绍

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  1. Introduction toHydraulic Workover Solutions 液压修井解决方案介绍

  2. History of Hydraulic Workover液压修井的历史 Hydraulic Workover “HWO” is a well workover performed using a hydraulic workover (snubbing) unit to run and/or pull tubulars – with or without surface pressure present on the wellhead. 液压修井是一项对油气井进行的服务，在井口有压或者无压的情况下用液压修井机（带压作业机）进行起下管柱。 Hydraulic Workover Techniques in use since 1920’s 液压修井技术自从1920年就开始存在了。 First Hydraulic Units developed in 1959 第一套带压作业机开发于1959年。

  3. Definition of Snubbing 带压作业的定义 Snubbing is the process of running and pulling tubing, drillpipe, or casing with surface pressure present on the wellhead. 带压作业是指在井口存在压力的情况下，起下油管，钻杆或者套管的作业过程。 Snubbing also describes a force-balance condition (or the “pipe-light” condition) where an external force is required to prevent the workstring from being force out of the hole. 带压作业也可以被描述成一种力平衡（或者叫轻管柱）的条件，就是需要外力的作用下防止管柱被顶出井眼。 In some situations, Hydraulic Workover (HWO) may also be used to trip tubulars into and out of wells with no existing or anticipated surface pressure. 在另外一些情况下，液压修井服务也可以用于在井口无压力的情况下起下管柱。

  4. Reasons for Utilizing HWO 选择液压修井的原因 • When CT or Wireline is incapable of performing the task 连续油管或者电缆作业因能力限制而无法完成的作业 • When reservoir damage is anticipated 储层的伤害无法预知 • When platform infrastructure is inadequate 作业平台的辅助设施不充分 • Cost considerations 作业费用考虑 • HPHT/Critical Deviation - Emergency Work 高压高温/斜度井-应急作业

  5. Benefits of HWO Services液压修井的优势 • Operations are completed while under pressure, well does not need to be killed. 作业过程可以允许井口有压力，不必压井。 • Reduces Costs by eliminating need for kill fluids • Eliminates risk of damaging producing formation with kill fluids • 不需要压井液而减少作业费用 • 消除了压井液对储层的伤害的危险 • Compact size, mobile, fast rig up/rig down 小型化，移动性，快速装拆设备 • Reduces overall costs 减少了总成本 • Well remains in production 油气井依然可以生产 • Versatile - Rotational ability allows drilling/milling 多用途-设备具有转盘，因此可以进行钻/磨作业

  6. Misconceptions for Using HWO Services 液压修井服务的误读 • For “Last Ditch” effort on problem/critical wells in emergency situations. 是疑难井紧急处理的最后防线 • Can be used for all applications - routine or critical. • 所有情形下均可以启用液压修井服务-日常作业或者紧急情况 • For only “live” well remedial services. 液压修井仅针对井口有压力的井进行修井服务 • Can be used on “live” or “dead” wells. • 对井口有压或者无压的井均可进行服务 • For only high pressure applications.仅对高压井进行液压修井服务。 • Can be used on low pressure applications as well. • 也可以被用作低压井的修井服务。 • Very expensive.非常昂贵 • Can be a very cost effective tool.可以是一项非常性价比高的修井工具

  7. Safety Considerations For HWO 液压修井安全因素的考虑 • Thorough Pre-Job Planning 十分详细的作业前计划 • Required Employee Training & PPE需要对作业人员进行培训和安全教育 • Perform Preventive Maintenance Service to Equipment 对设备进行定期检修 • Location Safety Meetings Conducted井场安全会议 • Location Standards Adhered To遵守井场规则 • Engineering Calculations Considered工程计算 • Location Layout of Equipment井场设备布置图

  8. Hydraulic Workover Unit液压作业机 Conventional Stand Alone Hydraulic Workover units are self contained operating systems consisting of modular equipment groups that are easily transported and rigged up. 传统的独立式液压作业机是一种由不同的设备模块组成的自我运行系统，而且运输和安装都很容易。

  9. Components of HWO Unit 带压作业机的组成 • Work Basket and control panel工作篮和控制面板 • Hydraulic Jack assembly液压举升机 • Traveling Slips移动卡瓦 • Rotary Table转盘 • Guide Tubes 导管 • Stationary Slips固定卡瓦 • Hydraulic power pack, accessories, and hydraulic hoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线 • Circulating swivel, kelly hose, and pumps • 旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵 • BOP Stack防喷器组

  10. Workbasket工作篮 The workbasket, located on top of the jack, is used as a work platform. Controls for the jack, traveling and stationary slips, BOPs, and counterbalance are located in the work basket. 工作篮位于举升机顶部，是操作手的工作平台。控制面板可以控制举升机，移动及固定卡瓦，防喷器组和绞车，位于工作篮内。

  11. Control Panel控制面板 Typically there are two control panels, one for the jack operator and one for the helper. The operator controls the vertical movement of the jack and the operation of the slips. The helper operates a counterbalance that lifts and lowers joints of pipe to and from the basket. 通常来讲，有两种控制面板，一种是举升机操作手的，一种是操作手助手用的。操作手的控制面板是用来控制举升机上下移动的，助手来控制绞车，在工作篮上吊放油管用。

  12. Traveling and Stationary slips移动固定卡瓦 Traveling Slips – located on the traveling assembly, which moves vertically up and down as the cylinder rods are extended and retracted移动卡瓦组，液压缸的伸缩控制移动卡瓦组的上下。 Stationary Slips – attached to the base of the jack and are used to hold the pipe while the traveling slips are not engaged固定卡瓦组，装在举升机的底座上，在移动卡瓦开启的时候，用来抓住管柱。

  13. Hydraulic Jack Assembly液压举升机 Hydraulic jack – one or more hydraulic cylinders configured to move the pipe into and out of the hole液压举升机-通过配置的一个或者多个液压缸来起下管柱 Guide Tube – placed in the bore of the jack to provide the lateral support necessary to prevent buckling of the workstring 导管-位于举升机的通孔中，为放置管柱的弯曲，为其提供横向支撑。

  14. Rotary Table 转盘 Hydraulically driven and used for milling and fishing operations 液压驱动的转盘，可以进行钻/磨服务

  15. Power Tongs液压钳 Power tongs – rigged up in the basket to make up pipe connections 液压钳位于工作篮之上，用来上卸扣

  16. Hydraulic power pack, accessories, and hydraulic hoses液压动力源，附件和液压管线 The power pack, located on the ground or deck, supplies the hydraulic pressure necessary to operate the jack, BOPs, rotary, counterbalance and power tongs. 动力源位于地面或者平台甲板上，为操作举升机，防喷器组，转盘，绞车和动力钳的操作提供必需的液压压力。

  17. Circulating Swivel, Kelly Hose and Pumps旋转循环头，水龙带和泥浆泵 A circulating swivel is placed on top of the tubing and allows fluid to be pumped through the tubing during milling or washout operations 循环旋转头位于夹持的油管顶部，在磨/洗作业中允许修井液在油管内循环 The swivel is connected to the pumps with flexible hose or chicksan lines. 循环旋转头用高压胶管或者硬管线与泥浆泵连接

  18. TELESCOPING GINPOLE W/ DUAL COUNTERBALNCE WINCH 桅杆包括多用绞车 POWER TONG SUPPORT ARM液压钳臂 POWER TONGS液压钳 WORKBASKET工作篮 TRAVELING HEAD W/ ROTARY AND TRAVELING SLIPS移动头包括转盘和移动卡瓦 BASKET RISER工作篮下部短节 GUY WIRES绷绳 GUY WIRES绷绳 TELESCOPING TUBING GUIDE可伸缩导管 JACK FRAME举升机架 STATIONARY SNUB SLIPS固定卡瓦组 STATIONARY HEAVY SLIP 固定卡瓦 WORK WINDOW工作窗 STRIPPER BOWL自密封头 Hydraulic Workover “Basic Jack”液压修井机的基本部件

  19. Cudd HWO Stand Alone Units卡德独立式带压作业机 Advantages优势

  20. HWO Stand Alone Unit Specs独立式作业机的参数

  21. Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立型设备 Dual Kelly System双水龙带系统

  22. Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立系统

  23. Cudd Rack Jack System Layout快速起立系统的简图

  24. Coiled TubingDrilling连续油管钻通能力 RACK JACK Drilling快速起立系统的钻通能力 Margin of Over pull最大拉力 0-30,000 lbs 70-130,000 lbs Hydraulics*液压系统压力 4700 psi 2400 psi Rotation旋转能力 Not possible 6000 - 20000 ft-lbs Buckling管柱弯曲 >1000 lbs WOB >4000 lbs WOB Jar Placement震击器的放置 Only above BHA Optimally placed Component Weight模块的重量 Less than 35 tons Less than 11 tons Cudd Rack Jack System卡德快速起立系统 2” CT vs. 2 3/8” or 2 7/8” * @ 2 bbl/min

  25. Applications应用

  26. Solids Removal 固体颗粒清除 • Washing sand bridges洗砂塞 • Washing proppant materials冲洗支撑剂沉淀 • Foam/Nitrogen washes二氧化碳泡沫/氮气冲洗 • Washing with formation compatible fluids用与储层配伍的修井液冲洗作业 • Washing out plugged drill strings冲洗卡堵的钻井作业管柱 • De-scaling operations清垢

  27. Drilling – Extended Reach钻井-大位移井作业 • Drilling out from under surface (complete wellbore package)传统钻井作业（包括完井作业） • Conventional sidetrack传统开窗侧钻 • Through tubing sidetrack过油管开窗侧钻 • Re-entry二次钻井 • Underbalanced drilling欠平衡钻井 • Drilling into underground blowout井喷井补救钻井

  28. When CT or Wireline is Incapable of the Task当连续油管或者电缆作业能力不可及 • Where high well pressures risk collapse/burst of CT • 当连续油管作业时遇到外挤或者内压过高风险时 • When high pump rates/pressures are required • 需要高泵注排量/压力作业时 • Where surface rotation is required • 当需要地上扭矩作业时 • Where high tensile (H2Sresistant) jointed pipe is required • 当需要高强度（抗硫化氢）管柱作业时 • In horizontal & highly deviated wells • 在水平井和大斜度井作业时

  29. Plug and Abandonment注塞和井报废处理作业 • Pull/fish existing completions起完井管柱或者打捞目前管柱内的落鱼 • Set/squeeze cement plugs挤/座灰塞 • Set CIBP座复合桥塞 • Cut/pull casing切/起套管 • Mill out cement plugs under pressure带压磨铣灰塞

  30. Completion Operations, Live/Dead, Single or Dual 完井作业，带压/无压，单根或者立柱 • Running bit and scraper assembly下钻头和刮削工具 • Milling cement 钻灰塞 • Tubing conveyed perforating guns下射孔枪 • Setting packer(s)坐桥塞 • Run completion string(s)下完井管柱 • Gravel packing and other sand consolidation task填砂和其他填砂作业

  31. Recompletions and Workover, Live or Dead Well 重新完井和修井，带压/无压 • Pull/fish existing completions起完井管柱或者打捞落鱼 • Mill packers磨铣封隔器 • Pump/squeeze cement泵注/挤注作业 • Straddle assemblies隔跨作业 • Repair casing problems套管修补作业 • Run bit & scraper assembly下钻头和刮削器 • Tubing conveyed perforating guns下射孔枪 • Set Packers坐封隔器 • Run completion strings下完井管柱 • Gravel packing and other sand consolidation task填砂和其他填砂作业 • Run/pull ESP起下电潜泵

  32. MECHANICS OF HYDRAULIC WORKOVER 液压修井机的机械原理介绍

  33. Mechanics of Hydraulic HWO液压修井机的机械原理 Primary pressure control during hydraulic workover operations is provided by a self-energizing stripper and through an assembly of stripping rams.带压修井作业中的最基本压力控制是通过自密封头或者是防喷器内部的密封工作闸板实现压控 The stripping rams consists of two sets of rams, one on top of the other. There are opened one at a time to allow the collar of the connections between joints of pipe to pass through the rams. 防喷器的密封工作闸板是由两块一上一下的闸板组成，当过结箍时，闸板打开，允许结箍通过闸板。 Below the stripping rams are the safety rams, which may consist of a shear/blind blowout preventer and an annular BOP. 在密封闸板下面时安全闸板，一般是由剪切/盲板密封闸板或者环形防喷器组成 The tertiary barrier, a shear/seal BOP, sits below this directly above the Xmas tree.第三封堵屏障，剪切密封闸板，位于采油气树之上。

  34. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压工作机机械原理 • A HWO rig-up is a very tall structure. It consists of a hydraulically powered HWO unit, which provides the force on a pipe, above string of multi-layered pressure control components.液压修井机完全装配好之后是一个非常高的结构。它是由液压驱动的作业机（为作业管柱提供动力）组成的，在层叠的防喷器组之上。 • At the top of the HWO unit is the basket, which serves as the control post for the rig-up. Below the basket are the hydraulic jacks, which powers the pipe into an out of the hole. It consists of two mechanisms for applying force to the pipe in either direction. Each mechanism consists of traveling and stationary slips. The traveling slips are used to move the pipe, while the stationary slips are used to hold the pipe while the traveling slips are repositioned between strokes.在液压作业机顶部是工作篮，是控制单元所在。在工作篮之下，是液压举升机，起下作业管柱时提供动力。它是由两个机械机构来控制管柱上下的，每个机构都是由移动卡瓦和固定卡瓦组成的。一般来讲，移动卡瓦是用来上下移动管柱，固定卡瓦是用来夹持住管柱的，当固定卡瓦关闭时，移动卡瓦就在不同作业冲程中开关。

  35. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理 • The Rotary and Traveling Slips can work simultaneously.转盘和移动卡瓦可以同时工作。

  36. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理 • Stationary and Traveling Slips are both engaged at beginning of snubbing stroke. 在开始作业时，移动和固定卡瓦都是关闭的。

  37. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理 • Stationary Slips are disengaged固定卡瓦打开 • With Traveling Slips engaged, the hydraulic cylinders are extended retracted - lowering the tubing - and completing the stroke.移动卡瓦关闭，液压缸回缩，油管被下压，完成第一作业冲程。

  38. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机的机械原理 • At completion of downward stroke, the stationary slips are engaged.完成第一下压冲程后，固定卡瓦关闭 • The Traveling Slips are disengaged, then the hydraulic cylinders are extended to make the next stroke.移动卡瓦打开，液压缸上移去做下一冲程。

  39. Mechanics of Hydraulic Workover液压修井机机械原理 • Process is repeated as the tubing is snubbed through the BOP Stripper rams or annular 重复作业冲程，直到所有油管通过防喷器或者环形被下入井中

  40. Ram to Ram HWO Procedures闸板对闸板作业工作程序

  41. Ram to Ram HWO Procedures

  42. Ram to Ram HWO Procedures

  43. Ram to Ram HWO Procedures

  44. Ram to Ram HWO Procedures

  45. ENGINEERING 带压作业工程设计

  46. Theory原理 Pressure – Area Calculations压力-面积计算 • To snub pipe into a pressured well, a downward force greater than the well pressure force must be applied to the tubular. The well pressure force is a function of the surface pressure and the size of the pipe. 当下管柱时，作用在管柱上的下压力要比井口压力大。井口的压力要通过地表压力和管柱的型号大小来计算。

  47. Theory

  48. Engineering Calculations For HWO Applications带压作业的工程计算 • Collapse / Burst Calculations for Tubing - Based on Anticipated Compression and Tension Loads 油管外挤和内压的计算-基于估计的压缩和拉伸的重量 • Critical Buckling Load Limitations Calculated - Based on Unsupported Length & Snub Force 临界压屈载荷计算，基于无支撑管柱的长度和下压力 • Required Snubbing Force需要的作业力的计算 • Required Hydraulic Snub / Lift Pressure - Jack Forces需要的液压下压和举升压力-举升机力的计算 • Well Control Considerations井控的考虑

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