TODAY

1. TODAY • 5 minute review • Lecture • Quiz • Video

2. TAFT TO WILSON 1908 to 1912

3. What happened at Dred Scott v. Standford

4. SC case involving a slave, Scott who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state.

5. Political Activists in Progressive Era • Jane Addams (1860-1935) ("St. Jane") • Hull House

6. Women & Child Labor Reform • Florence Kelley • National Consumers League

7. Muller v. Oregon, 1906      • Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in 1911 killed 146 women workers, mostly girls

8. Panic of 1907 • Wall Street suffered a short but brutal panic in 1907 • Causes: speculation and mismanagement in Wall Street banks and trust companies as well as overextension of credit caused the panic. • Business leaders assailed Roosevelt for causing the panic due to his anti-business tactics and called the financial setback the "Roosevelt Pani

9. Election of 1908 • Taft d. Bryan 321-162 • Style • Taft lacked the fire or guts that possessed TR. • Taft became an ally of the old guard Republicans by default. • Cabinet did not contain one member of TR’s reformist wing.

10. Taft as a Trustbuster Brought 90 suits against the trusts during his four years in office; 2X that of TR 1911, United States v. American Tobacco Company

11. Progressive Legislation under Taft • Bureau of Minesestablished to control mineral resources -- Rescued millions of acres of western coal lands from exploitation • Mann-Elkins Act (1910) – Telegraph, telephone, & cable corporations put under ICC jurisdiction • Postal Savings Bank System (1910) – Post Office Department was authorized to receive savings deposits from individuals and pay interest of 2% per year on such deposits. -- This had been a major Populist idea.

12. TAFT TAKES ON THE TARIFF ISSUE. • CALLS SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS • House passed moderately reductive bill (with inheritance tax provision) but senatorial reactionaries tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions (tariff avg abut 37%) • CALLS FOR TARIFF REDUCTION • Taft’s campaign had pledge to deal with tariff issue

13. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF INCREASE RATES ON 500 GOODS • TAFT’S DILEMMA TO VETO OR NOT TO VETO • TAFT SIGNS THE BILL • CALLS IT THE BEST BILL THE REPUBLICANS EVER PASSED. • Claimed bill "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed. • Progressive wing of Republican party, especially in Midwest, outraged. • Taft vetoed subsequent tariff bills passed by "insurgent Republicans" and Democrats.

14. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF BEGINS A SPLIT IN THE PARTY. • CONSERVATIVE FAVOR IT • PROGRESSIVE OPPOSE IT.

15. TAFT AND SPEAKER JOE CANNON • CANNON IS LIKE CZAR REED. • PROGRESSIVES CHALLENGE CANNON WITH GEORGE NORRIS • PROGRESSIVES EXPECT TAFT’S SUPPORT. • TAFT BACKS JOE CANNON. • Split in GOP complete when Taft deserted progressives in their attack on leading Old Guard Speaker of the House, "Uncle Joe" Cannon.

16. PROGRESSIVES FEEL BETRAYED. • THE SPLIT IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY GROWS. • PROGRESSIVES WONDER WHY T.R. CHOSE TAFT

17. TAFT & CONSERVATION • TAFT PLACES MORE LAND IN RESERVE • EXPANDS THE NATIONAL PARKS • HAS A BETTER RECORD THAN T.R. • BUT GETS LITTLE CREDIT BECAUSE HE DOES IT QUIETLY

18. BALLINGER / PINCHOT CONTROVERSY 1910 • BALLINGER SELLS FEDERAL LAND TO PRIVATE INTERESTS. • Secretary of Interior Ballinger opened public lands in WY, MT, and Alaska to corporate development—did not share Pinchot’s desire to reduce mining. • PINCHOT DENOUNCES THE SALE. • TAFT SIDES WITH BALLINGER • Ballinger sharply criticized by Gifford Pinchot, chief of Agriculture Department’s Division of Forestry and a strong TR supporter. • Taft dismissed Pinchot on narrow ground of insubordination. • FIRES PINCHOT. • PROGRESSIVES ARE OUTRAGED. • Storm of protest arose from conservationists and Roosevelt’s friends. -- A congressional committee exonerated Pinchot. • Contributed to growing split between Taft and TR.

19. TAFT’S PROGRESSIVE RECORD • IS BETTER THAN T.R.’S • 90 ANTI-TRUST ACTIONS • BREAKS UP STANDARD OIL • BREAKS UP AMERICAN TOBACCO • PASSES MANN-ELKINS ACT 1910 STRENGTHENS ICC • Telegraph, telephone, & cable corporations put under ICC jurisdiction

20. MORE… • ESTABLISHES CHILDREN BUREAU • IMPOSES SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR MINES & RAILROADS • 8 HOUR DAY FOR FEDERAL WORKERS • EXPANDS CIVIL SERVICE.

21. TAFT’S WEAKNESS • HE WAS A POOR PUBLIC RELATIONS MAN. • LACKED TEDDY’S FLAIR. • OVERALL TAFT HAS A BETTER PROGRESSIVE RECORD THAN T.R.

22. T.R. RETURNS FROM AFRICA 1910 • CAMPAIGNS FOR PROGRESSIVE CANDIDATES • OSAWATOMIE SPEECH AUG. 1910 • OUTLINE S “NEW NATIONALISM” • TIGHTER GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF BUSINESS

23. MORE OF NEW NATIONALISM • SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS • LIMIT THE SUPREME COURT’S POWER TO NULLIFY REGULATORY LAWS • MAKE THE GOVERNMENT THE PROTECTOR OF WORKERS AND CONSUMERS

24. ELECTION OF 1912 • T.R. DENOUNCES TAFT • PROGRESSIVE REBELLION SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY • BOB LAFOLLETTE CHALLENGES TAFT FOR NOMINATION • LAFOLLETTE BECOMES ILL; T.R. TAKES HIS PLACE.

25. TAFT CONTROLS THE CONVENTION • WINS THE NOMINATION • TR AND PROGRESSIVES WALK OUT. • AUGUST 1912 FORM THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY • NOMINATE TR “BULLMOOSE PARTY” • Old Republican guard now took control of Republican party with progressives gone

26. DEMOCRATS NOMINATE WILSON • WILSON OFFERS “THE NEW FREEDOM” A PROGRESSIVE REFORM PROGRAM • TR OFFERS THE NEW NATIONALISM • THE SOCIALIST PARTY OFFERS EUGENE V. DEBS

27. Dr. Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) nominated by Democrats • 1. Platform: antitrust legislation, monetary changes, and tariff reductions. • 2. Wilson’s "New Freedom" -- Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets; states’ rights             a. As with TR, favored more active gov’t role in economic and social affairs but differed in strategy.             b. Persuaded by Louis Brandeis to make trustbusting centerpiece of campaign.             c. Shunned social-welfare proposals; emphasized competition                 i. Rejected stronger role for gov’t in human affairs                 ii. Regarded social issues as state issues e.g. suffrage, child labor

28. Progressive-Republican party(Bull Moose Party) • "New Nationalism" • Herbert Croly: The Promise of American Life(1910): • Campaigned for women’s suffrage, graduated income tax, lower tariffs, limits on campaign spending, currency reform and broad program of social welfare including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance, abolition of child labor and workers compensation.

29. Socialist party’s Eugene V. Debs polled nearly 1 million, votes (6%); 2X 1908 figures • Height of American socialist movement.             b. A growing number of Americans believed Socialists as a last alternative to the corrupt 2-party system before revolution.             c. Socialists part of progressive movement (though not sanctioned by progressives)                 i. Not Marxist in orientation and welcomed all socialist comers.                 ii. Main demand was gov’t ownership of railroads and utilities, also demanded efficient gov’t, equalize tax burden, better housing, factory inspections, and recreational facilities for all Americans.

30. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), a radical diverse group of militant unionists and socialists who advocated strikes and sabotage over politics. • William Haywood of the Western Federation of Miners and Daniel DeLeon.

31. Why did Progressive-Republican party fail? • a. Fatally centered around one leader: TR. • b. Elected few candidates to state & local offices; no patronage to give followers • c. Yet, 3rd party impact spurred Wilsonian Democrats to enact their ideas.

32. WILSON WINS 1. Wilson d. Roosevelt & Taft 435 to 88 and 8            a. Wilson got only 41% of pop. vote; smaller than Bryan’s 3 previous efforts.             b. Democrats won a majority in Congress for the next 6 years.             c. TR and Taft combined polled over 1.25 million pop. votes more than Wilson.             d. Thus, progressivism clearly won out (Wilson & TR)             e. TR’s party fatally split Republican vote, thus giving Wilson the victory.

33. WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM

34. WILSON’S RISE TO POWER • 1910 PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON • GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY • 1912 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

35. WILSON’S BACKGROUND • BORN IN VIRGINIA 1856 • SON OF A MINISTER • STUDIED THE LAW • PhD IN POLITICAL SCIENCE • COLLEGE PROFESSOR • GREAT SPEAKER AND WORDSMITH • White-supremacist: didn't sympathize with efforts to improve rights for African Americans. • Not willing to go as far as TR in gov’t activism. • Unlike TR, Wilson lacked common touch • Moral righteousness made him often uncompromising

36. WIN THE ELECTION OF 1912 • REPUBLICANS SPLIT TR VS TAFT • WILSON 1ST DEMOCRAT OF 20TH CENTURY • HE BELIEVED IN STRONG PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP • A PROGRESSIVE • ENJOYS IMMEDIATE SUCCESS • DEMOCRATS CONTROL BOTH HOUSES

37. ATTACKS “THE TRIPLE WALLS OF PRIVILEGE” • TARIFFS, BANKING AND TRUSTS • THE HIGH TARIFF • PASSES THE UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT 1913 • 1913 (Underwood-Simmons Tariff)         1. In unprecedented move, summoned Congress into special session in early 1913 and read message in person rather than by a clerk (custom since Jefferson’s day).         2. Underwood Tariff Bill passed by House         3. Wilson appealed to the people to demand their Senators pass the bill.         4. Provisions:             a. Substantially reduced tariff to about 29% from 37-40% under Payne- Aldrich Tariff.             b. Enacted a graduated income tax, under authority granted by recently                 ratified 16th Amendment. (Landmark provision)    i. Rate of 1% on incomes over $4,000; 7% on incomes over $500k                 ii. By 1917, revenue from income tax more than tariff receipts. -- Gap has widened since then.

38. CUTS RATES FROM 42% TO 27% • CREATE DUTY FREE LIST. • TO REPLACE REVENUE INCOME TAX IS PASSED.

39. PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS • 16TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED 1913 = THE INCOME TAX • 17TH AMENDMENT 1913 = DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS • 18TH AMENDMENT 1920 = PROHIBITION • 19TH AMENDMENT 1920 = WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

40. BANKING AND THE MONEY TRUST • THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT 1913 • A CENTRAL BANK, 1ST SINCE JACKSON. • FED PROVIDES FLEXIBLE MONEY SUPPLY • INCREASING MONEY SUPPLY WILL BRING INFLATION • DECREASING MONEY SUPPLY WILL SLOW THE ECONOMY • Nation’s existing National Banking Act, enacted during Civil War, showed its weakness during Panic of 1907 with its inelasticity of money. -- Reserves concentrated in NY and a few other large cities and could not be mobilized in times of financial stress to areas that were hurting. • Republican solution: a huge national bank (in effect, a "third BUS.") -- Bank would be owned and run by bankers & central bank would issue its own currency.

41. MONETARY POLICY • CHANGE INTEREST RATES TO EXPAND OR CONTRACT THE MONEY SUPPLY • TOOLS OF MONETARY POLICY: • DISCOUNT RATE • OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS • RESERVE REQUIREMENTS

42. ATTACKS TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES • BELIEVED IN DIVESTITURE (BREAKING UP MONOPOLIES) • FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 1914 • CAN INVESTIGATE TRUSTS • CAN ISSUE CEASE AND DESIST ORDERS.

43. CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT 1914 “MAGNA CARTA OF LABOR” • OUTLAWS CERTAIN BUSINESS PRACTICES • EXEMPTS UNIONS FROM INJUNCTIONS • Union leader Samuel Gompers hailed the act as the "Magna Carta of labor" -- Provision was weak because it did not explicitly state what was and what wasn’t legal union activity; Wilson refused to go further.             ii. Sought to prevent what happened in Danbury Hatters case 1908 that had assessed over $250K on striking hat makers alleging they'd violated Sherman Act             iii. By 1917, AFL membership more than 3 million                -- In 1910 it had only been 1.5 million, down from 2 million in 1904

44. WILSON APPOINTS BRANDEIS TO SUPREME COURT • A JEW • A LIBERAL • AUTHOR OF: OTHER PEOPLES MONEY AND HOW THE BANKERS USE IT • The "people’s lawyer"

45. WILSON’S NEW POLITICAL TACTICS • SPEAKS DIRECTLY TO CONGRESS • FIRST SINCE JOHN ADAMS • MARSHALS PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST CONGRESS • ENFORCES STRICT PARTY DISCIPLINE.

46. LIMITS OF WILSON’S PROGRESSIVE BELIEFS • OPPOSES LOW INTEREST LOANS TO FARMERS • OPPOSE EXEMPTIONS FOR UNIONS • FAILS TO BACK CHILD LABOR LAWS • FAILS TO BACK WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE • RACE: WILSON BACKS PLESSY DECISION: SEPARATE BUT EQUAL.

47. WILSON