Chapter 15 Population and urbanization

1. Chapter 15Population and urbanization • Demography: The Study of Population • Population Growth in Global Context • Urbanization in Global Perspective • Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities • Urban Problems in the United States • Population and Urbanization in the Future

2. Population • By 2015: • Population of high income nations will increase by 120 million. • Population of low-income nations will increase by 1.7 billion.

3. Migration Two types of movement: • Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. • Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

4. Theories of Population Growth • The Malthusian Perspective • The Marxist Perspective • The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective • Demographic Transition Theory

5.  The Malthusian Perspective • If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. • Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, 16 . . . ) . • The food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

6. The Marxist Perspective • Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. • Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. • Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

7.  The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective • Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. • People should be encouraging zero population growth.

8.  Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. • Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

9. Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

10. World Population in the Future • The world population is increasing about 1.8% per year. • Since many women are of childbearing age, replacement fertility results in more births than deaths. • Demographic shifts contribute to a reduction in fertility rates and population growth.

11. Development of a City Three preconditions are required: • A favorable physical environment. • An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. • A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

12. Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: • How women and men should think, feel, and act. • How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. • How women and men should relate to each other.

13. Simmel's View of City Life • Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. • Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. • Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

14. Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: • Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. • Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.

15. Gans's Urban Villagers • Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. • The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. • The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.

16. Suburbs • Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. • Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts.