DO NOW

1. DO NOW Name on top right, last name 1st Only use ¼ of paper given Reflection: • How did you do on Practice Exam? • # correct? • What topics or types of questions did you stumble on? • What is your Regents study plan *** if not here for practice exam: free write about how being absent is impacting your education

2. WWII ENDS Yalta Conference • Feb 1945 • Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States • Strategy Meeting • Originally to bring free elections to Eastern Europe (Stalin lied)

3. Superpower • United States and the S.U. come out of WWII as confident and strong • Powerful country that plays a dominant economic, political, and military role in world

4. GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • A 1948 treaty designed to expand world trade by reducing tariffs Did GATT work? Evaluate graph to determine

5. United Nations • US led charge to form UN • Revisiting Wilson’s original peace plan of the League of Nations (shut down by congress) • 1945 organization developed to promote peace

6. Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights “WHEREAS recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.”

7. Geneva Convention International agreement governing the humane treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war

8. Nuremburg Trials • Nazi leaders charged with war crimes trials of 22 Nazi leaders - eleven were given the death penalty, three were acquitted, three were given life imprisonment and four were given imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years.

9. Objective: To examine the causes of the Cold War. Do Now: Use a world map to match the country with the capital city found below. , Poland Warsaw Berlin Prague Vienna Budapest Belgrade Bucharest Sofia , Germany , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Yugoslavia , Romania , Bulgaria

10. The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion: · The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

11. Boarder between the S.U. and Western Europe • In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe. IRON Curtain Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

12. Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace” March 5, 1946 - Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow...Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts - and facts they are

13. - this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace. What is needed is a settlement, and the longer this is delayed, the more difficult it will be and the greater our dangers will become. From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness.

14. Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946

15. · By 1948, every Eastern European country was under communist control.

16. American Response: · Truman Doctrine – statement of President Truman that promised military and economic support to nations threatened by communism. (audio) • In 1947, the U.S. gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey in order to help them put down communist revolts.

17. Aid for Europe: · Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western Europe and witnessed widespread homelessness and famine. Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home. September 1940.

18. "The German ultimatum ordering the Dutch commander of Rotterdam to cease fire was delivered to him at 10:30 a.m. on May 14, 1940. At 1:22 p.m., German bombers set the whole inner city of Rotterdam ablaze, killing 800-900 of its inhabitants.” * Aerial view of the ruins of Rotterdam.

19. Jewish children in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942

20. Marshall Plan Marshall, fearing that communist revolts could occur in such an atmosphere, proposed that the U.S. help to rebuild the European economy in what became known as the Marshall Plan. Nuremberg, Germany, April 20, 1945

21. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

22. The Marshall plan was named after George C. Marshall, Truman's secretary of state. At the end of World War II, the European nations were devastated. Their economies were in shambles; they could not even supply enough food to feed their own people. The Marshall Plan was an attempt to ensure that the economies of Europe would rise again from the ashes of the war. The $16 billion aid package helped Western Europe begin the process of rebuilding. Truman wanted to make sure that these nations would not be forced to turn to war or communism to provide for their starving people. It is considered one of the most successful aid projects in U.S. history. political cartoon by Daniel Fitzpatrick from July 20, 1947

23. Before World War II, the United States enjoyed an isolationist approach to the problems and policies of other countries. U.S. isolationism meant that the government did not alter or try to influence the actions of other governments. After World War II ended, many Americans wanted a return to that policy. Other Americans, however, felt that without U.S. intervention, the Soviet Union would try to take over Europe. “The Bigger Question,” by Daniel Fitzpatrick November 28, 1947

24. Division of Berlin • After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

25. Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Berlin East Germany West Germany · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

26. · In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. (video – 1:35) Video: The Berlin Wall: Deconstructed (2:27) Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

27. Berlin Airlift : · President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. · At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

28. THE "CANDY BOMBER" OF THE BERLIN AIRLIFT, 60 YEARS LATER (3:54)

29. Germany remains divided: · In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade. · The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany. October, 1949

30. NATO an organization formed in 1949 for the purpose of collective defense: originally comprising Belgium, Canada,Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates, and later joined by Greece, Turkey, Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland

31. The USA is indeed the main contributor, around 22%. Then comes Germany (14.5%), France (11%) and UK (10.5%).