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Continuing Reformation: Calvinism and Catholic Reforms

Explore how John Calvin's Calvinism and the Catholic Reformation reshaped Europe, introducing new religious, social, and political dynamics. Witness the legacy of the Reformation, from Calvin's influential teachings to the establishment of Jesuits and the Council of Trent. Discover the enduring impact on society, women's roles, education, and the rise of modern nation-states.

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Continuing Reformation: Calvinism and Catholic Reforms

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  1. 17.4 – The Reformation Continues

  2. John Calvin • Influential in the spread of Protestantism • 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion • Summary of Protestant beliefs • View men & women as sinful by nature • Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect” • Teachings = Calvinism

  3. Calvinism Spreads • Ideal government: Theocracy • Religious leaders rule • 1540s: rules city of Geneva – a “model city” • Strict: No bright clothing or card games; religion classes • Brutal punishments • 1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians • Calvinism spreads throughout Europe • France: Calvinists = Huguenots • Catholics kill 1000s of them

  4. Anabaptists • Protestants: Bible source of all religious truth • Baptized those only enough to decide • Viewed church & state to be separate • Refused to fight wars & share possessions • Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants • Forerunners of Mennonites & Amish • Influence the Quakers & Baptists

  5. Women • Reforms & renaissance ideas = more influence from women • Many protect reformers • Marguerite of Navarre saves John Calvin • Katherina von Bora (Luther’s wife) • Mothers children, manages finances, cooked meals, supports Luther • Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles • Beginning of the modern woman

  6. Catholic Reforms • Millions stayed with the Catholic Church • Aid cause through reforms = Catholic Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola = Reformer from Spain • 1522: Spiritual Exercises • Daily plan of meditation, prayer, & study • 1540: Pope creates the Society of Jesus = Jesuits • 1) Found schools in Europe • 2) Convert non-believers • 3) stop spread of Protestantism

  7. Reforming Popes • Reforms of Pope Paul III • 1) Investigated indulgences & abuses • 2) Approved Jesuit order • 3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy • 4) called the Council of Trent • Reforms of Pope Paul IV • Carries out the council’s decrees • 1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith • Orders books to be burned

  8. Council of Trent • 1545-1563: Catholic bishops & cardinals establish doctrines • Agreed upon doctrines: • Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final • Salvation = faith & good works • The Bible & traditions guided Christian life • Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false

  9. Legacy of the Reformation Religious & Social Effects Political Effects Catholic political authority declines More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state 1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment • Protestant churches flourish • New denominations develop • Catholic Church is stronger as a religious entity • More emphasis on education • Colleges & universities established • Women mostly limited to concerns of home & family = some new roles

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