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17.4 – The Reformation Continues

17.4 – The Reformation Continues. John Calvin. Influential in the spread of Protestantism 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion Summary of Protestant beliefs View men & women as sinful by nature

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17.4 – The Reformation Continues

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  1. 17.4 – The Reformation Continues

  2. John Calvin • Influential in the spread of Protestantism • 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion • Summary of Protestant beliefs • View men & women as sinful by nature • Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect” • Teachings = Calvinism

  3. Calvinism Spreads • Ideal government: Theocracy • Religious leaders rule • 1540s: rules city of Geneva – a “model city” • Strict: No bright clothing or card games; religion classes • Brutal punishments • 1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians • Calvinism spreads throughout Europe • France: Calvinists = Huguenots • Catholics kill 1000s of them

  4. Anabaptists • Protestants: Bible source of all religious truth • Baptized those only enough to decide • Viewed church & state to be separate • Refused to fight wars & share possessions • Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants • Forerunners of Mennonites & Amish • Influence the Quakers & Baptists

  5. Women • Reforms & renaissance ideas = more influence from women • Many protect reformers • Marguerite of Navarre saves John Calvin • Katherina von Bora (Luther’s wife) • Mothers children, manages finances, cooked meals, supports Luther • Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles • Beginning of the modern woman

  6. Catholic Reforms • Millions stayed with the Catholic Church • Aid cause through reforms = Catholic Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola = Reformer from Spain • 1522: Spiritual Exercises • Daily plan of meditation, prayer, & study • 1540: Pope creates the Society of Jesus = Jesuits • 1) Found schools in Europe • 2) Convert non-believers • 3) stop spread of Protestantism

  7. Reforming Popes • Reforms of Pope Paul III • 1) Investigated indulgences & abuses • 2) Approved Jesuit order • 3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy • 4) called the Council of Trent • Reforms of Pope Paul IV • Carries out the council’s decrees • 1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith • Orders books to be burned

  8. Council of Trent • 1545-1563: Catholic bishops & cardinals establish doctrines • Agreed upon doctrines: • Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final • Salvation = faith & good works • The Bible & traditions guided Christian life • Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false

  9. Legacy of the Reformation Religious & Social Effects Political Effects Catholic political authority declines More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state 1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment • Protestant churches flourish • New denominations develop • Catholic Church is stronger as a religious entity • More emphasis on education • Colleges & universities established • Women mostly limited to concerns of home & family = some new roles

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