The Cold War and Atomic Bomb: Changing Relations Between Nations

1. CHAPTER 13 Splash Screen

2. VOCABULARY LIST OF WORDS 38th parallel Mao Zedong Marshall PlanMcCarthyism  McCarran ActNATO Potsdam Conference  Project VenonaRosenberg, Julius & Ethel Taft-Hartley Act  H-bomb Brinkmanship Taiwan Crisis Suez CrisisTruman Doctrine SEATO Eisenhower Doctrine • San Francisco Conference  • United Nations General Assembly • United Nations Security Council • Mary McLeod Bethune • Universal Declaration of Human Rights • containment policy Fair Deal Hiss, Alger  • Berlin AirliftHouse Un-American Activities Committee Iron Curtain speech (Churchill) Crisis in Iran • Korean War

3. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Origins of the Cold War Section 2:The Early Cold War Years Section 3:The Cold War and American Society Section 4:Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies Visual Summary Chapter Menu

4. How Did the Atomic Bomb Change the World? The destructiveness of the atomic bomb raised the stakes in military conflicts. Growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II led to a constant threat of nuclear war. • How did the atomic bomb change relations between nations? • Do you think the invention of the atomic bomb made the world safer? Chapter Intro

5. Chapter Timeline

6. Chapter Timeline

7. The Origins of the Cold War Why did the Cold War develop after World War II? Chapter Intro 1

8. The Early Cold War Years How did President Truman attempt to deter communism? Chapter Intro 2

9. The Cold War and American Society How did the Cold War change Americans’ lives? Chapter Intro 3

10. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies How did Eisenhower’s policies address Cold War issues? Chapter Intro 4

11. Chapter Preview-End

12. Big Ideas Government and SocietyAlthough World War II was nearly over, personal and political differences among Allied leaders and the peoples they represented led to new global challenges. Section 1-Main Idea

13. Content Vocabulary • satellite nations • Iron Curtain Academic Vocabulary • liberate • equipment Section 1-Key Terms

14. People and Events to Identify • Yalta • Cold War • Potsdam Section 1-Key Terms

15. A B Should Truman have tried to appease Stalin more in order to keep peace between the nations? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

16. The Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta to discuss Poland, Germany, and the rights of liberated Europe. Section 1

17. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta to plan the postwar world. • Although the conference seemed to go well, several agreements reached at Yalta later played a role in causing the Cold War. Section 1

18. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • The three leaders made the following agreements: • Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by the Soviets. • Stalin agreed that the government would include members of the prewar Polish government and that free elections would be held as soon as possible. The Yalta Conference, 1945 Section 1

19. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • They also agreed to issue the Declaration of Liberated Europe. • They decided to divide Germany into four zones, each of which would be controlled by either Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, or France. The Yalta Conference, 1945 Section 1

20. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • Tensions began to rise between the United States and the Soviet Union for several reasons: • Stalin demanded that Germany pay war reparations and was not content with the ideas Roosevelt had to offer. • The Soviets pressured the king of Romania into appointing a Communist government. Section 1

21. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • The Soviets refused to allow more than three non-Communist Poles to serve in the 18-member Polish government. • There was no indication that they intended to hold free elections in Poland. • The increasing hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States led to an era of confrontation and competition known as the Cold War. It lasted from about 1946 to 1990, Section 1

22. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • The Soviet Union and the United States had different goals: • The Soviets were concerned about security. They wanted to keep Germany weak and make sure that the countries between Germany and the Soviet Union were under Soviet control. • The Soviets also were concerned about encouraging communism in other nations; they were suspicious of capitalist nations. Section 1

23. The Yalta Conference (cont.) • The United States was focused on economic problems: • Many American officials believed that the Depression had caused World War II. • By 1945, Roosevelt and his advisers were convinced that economic growth, democracy, and free enterprise were the key to peace. Section 1

24. A B C D Why was Stalin so concerned about making Poland communist? A.Invaders could easily enter Russia through Poland. B.He did not want Poland to align with the U.S. C.Poland consistently tried to invade Russian territory. D.He believed all bordering countries should be communist. Section 1

25. Truman Takes Control Although President Truman took a firm stand against Soviet aggression, Europe remained divided after the war. Section 1

26. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • Eleven days after confronting the Soviets about Poland, FDR died and Harry S. Truman became president. • Truman did not want to appease Stalin as Britain had appeased Hitler. • He told Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov that Stalin must hold free elections, as he had promised at Yalta. • This meeting marked an important shift in Soviet-American relations. Section 1

27. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • In July 1945 Truman finally met Stalin at Potsdam. • Truman was convinced that the rest of Europe could only recover if Germany’s economy was allowed to revive. • Meanwhile, Stalin wanted more reparations from Germany. Section 1

28. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • Stalin did not like Truman’s proposals for reparations. • However, American and British troops controlled Germany’s industrial heartland, and there was no way for the Soviets to get any reparations except by cooperating. • The Soviets refused to make any stronger commitments to uphold the Declaration of Liberated Europe. Section 1

29. Truman Takes Control (cont.) • The Communist countries of Eastern Europe—Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia—came to be called satellite nations. • With the Iron Curtain separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West, the Cold War era was about to begin. The Iron Curtain in Europe, 1946 Section 1

30. A B C D Why did Truman think World War II began? A.The Great Depression B.Britain’s appeasement of Hitler C.Poland’s decision to fight Germany D.Japan’s emperor Section 1

31. Section 1-End

32. Big Ideas Trade, War, and MigrationAs the Cold War began, the United States struggled to oppose Communist aggression in Europe and Asia through political, economic, and military measures. Section 2-Main Idea

33. Content Vocabulary • containment • limited war Academic Vocabulary • insecurity • initially Section 2-Key Terms

34. People and Events to Identify • George Kennan • Long Telegram • Marshall Plan • NATO • SEATO Section 2-Key Terms

35. A B Do you agree with Truman’s decision to maintain a limited war with the Soviet Union and Asia? A. Agree B. Disagree Section 2-Polling Question

36. Containing Communism The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any nation resisting communism; the Marshall Plan aided European countries in rebuilding. Section 2

37. Containing Communism (cont.) • Increasingly exasperated by the Soviet’s refusal to cooperate, officials at the State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. • Diplomat George Kennan responded with what became known as the Long Telegram. • Kennan proposed “a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies”—the basic policy followed by the United States throughout the Cold War. Section 2

38. Containing Communism (cont.) • After World War II, instead of withdrawing as promised, the Soviet troops remained in northern Iran. • Stalin then began demanding access to Iran’s oil supplies; he also helped local Communists establish a separate government in northern Iran. • The secretary of state sent Stalin a strong message demanding that they withdraw from northern Iran. Section 2

39. Containing Communism (cont.) • Coupled with the threat of the USS Missouri sailing into the eastern Mediterranean, Stalin withdrew. • In August 1946 Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey. • After Britain informed the United States that they could no longer afford to help Greece, Truman gave a speech to Congress outlining a policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine Section 2

40. Containing Communism (cont.) • In June 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies. • In response to the Soviet attempt to undermine Germany’s economy, the United States, Great Britain, and France announced that they would merge their zones in Germany. The Truman Doctrine Section 2

41. Containing Communism (cont.) • The new nation was called the Federal Republic of Germany—or West Germany. • The Soviet zone eventually became the German Democratic Republic—or East Germany. • The Soviets then cut all road and rail traffic to West Berlin, hoping to force the United States to either reconsider its decision or abandon West Berlin. Section 2

42. Containing Communism (cont.) • Truman ordered the air force to fly supplies into Berlin instead—known as the Berlin airlift. • By April 1949, an agreement had been reached to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—a mutual defense alliance. • For the first time in its history, the United States had committed itself to maintaining peace in Europe. NATO Is Born, 1949 Section 2

43. A B C D In response to NATO’s decision to allow West Germany to rearm and join the alliance, which action did Eastern Europe take? A.They declared war against West Germany. B.They formed the Warsaw Pact. C.They took no action. D.They started working on an atomic bomb. Section 2

44. The Korean War Attempts to keep South Korea free from communism led the United States to military intervention. Section 2

45. The Korean War (cont.) • After World War II, Communist forces led by Mao Zedong and the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek started fighting again. • The United States sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid beginning in the mid-1940s, but they squandered the money through poor military planning and corruption. • The victorious Communists established the People’s Republic of China in October 1949. Section 2

46. The Korean War (cont.) • In September 1949 the Soviet Union announced that it had successfully tested the first atomic weapon. • Then, in the early 1950s, the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance. Section 2

47. The Korean War (cont.) • At the end of World War II, General Douglas MacArthur had taken charge of occupied Japan. • Once the United States lost China as its chief ally in Asia, it adopted policies to encourage the rapid recovery of Japan’s industrial economy. Section 2

48. The Korean War (cont.) • At the end of World War II, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there. • The Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude. • Soviets controlled the north, while American troops controlled the south. The Korean War, 1950–1953 Section 2

49. The Korean War (cont.) • On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded the south, rapidly driving back the poorly equipped South Korean forces. • With the pledge of UN troops, Truman ordered General MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea. • He pushed the North Koreans north to the border with China. The Korean War, 1950–1953 Section 2

50. The Korean War (cont.) • China then drove the UN forces back across the 38th parallel and MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war against China. • Truman declined, but MacArthur persisted, even criticizing the president. • Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination in April 1951. The Korean War, 1950–1953 Section 2