World History 1500 to Present

1. World History 1500 to Present Unit 3 Notes: French Revolution and other Enlightenment inspired revolutions, spread of nationalism; Unification Movements; Industrial Revolution SOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-c

3. French Revolution and Napoleonic Era (1789-1815) • Between 1789 and 1815, the French Revolution destroyed an absolute monarchy and disrupted a social system that had existed for over 1,000 years. The events of this time ushered in what many historians call the “modern era” in European politics

4. France before the Revolution • Outdated social class system (Estates General) • First Estate = Clergy (no taxes) • Second Estate = Nobility (no taxes) • Third Estate = “Everyone Else” (HEAVY TAXES) • Severe Financial Crisis: • Indecisive Monarch:

5. “Voting Rights” in France • Traditionally, each “estate” had 1 vote • New idea was to allow each deputy in the Estates to have 1 vote • King Louis XVI says, “No, I think the old way is the best” and locks doors on Third Estate • A Paris mob storms the Bastille, July 14th 1789

6. Phase 1 = National Assembly (moderate) • Third Estate calls itself the National Assembly and vows to keep meeting until they can produce a French Constitution • TENNIS COURT OATH

7. Destruction of Aristocratic privileges (Abolish tax exemptions for clergy and nobles) • Proclaim freedom and equal rights for all men! • LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY! • Capture the royal family and return them to Paris

8. The Catholic Church • Oldest of “Old Order” (Clergy =1st estate)..needed reform • National Assembly took Church lands and sold them • Secularized the Church (elected by people, paid by state) • Many Catholics become “Enemies of the Revolution”

9. Constitution and Commune • Constitution = limited monarchy • King tries to flee France • National Assembly declares war on Austria, Prussia and eventually Britain • Radical groups in Paris called themselves a commune and capture the King • Sans-culottes (without fine trousers) • Georges Danton minister of justice

10. Phase 2: National Assembly RADICAL phase • Radicals take over Assembly and set up National Convention (abolish monarchy and declare France a republic) • Execute King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette • Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre) • Reign of Terror (40,000 executed)

13. Phase 3: The Directory 1795-1799 • Moderate Constitution • 5 man Directory established • Riots suppressed • Corrupt leadership • Chaos threatens …….

14. Napoleon Bonaparte • General Bonaparte helps overthrow the Directory and sets up the Consulate with Napoleon as “First Consulate”, later names himself “Consulate for Life” and then “Emperor of the French” • Economic and religious reforms • Napoleonic Code established • Military victories create French empire • Upsets the balance of power in Europe • French defeat at the Battle of the Nations

16. Legacy of Napoleon • Unsuccessful attempt to “unify” Europe under French control • Napoleonic Law Code introduced many to basic Enlightenment principles • Equality before the law • Religious toleration • Merit being basis for advancement • Spread of Nationalism….

17. After Napoleon takes over most of Europe……. • Most conservative monarchs will FEAR any “Enlightenment Inspired Ideas that Could Fuel Revolutions”

18. Liberal vs. Conservative Ideas 1800s LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE 1. Monarch/nobles 2. stability and order 3. Monarchy 4. controlled by nobles 5. Established church • WHO should rule • Goal of Gov’t • FORM of Gov’t • Economy • Religion • 1. Male property owners • 2. protect basic rights/property • 3. REPUBLIC (constitution and separation of powers) • 4. Laissez-faire • 5. Freedom of religion

19. Liberal vs. Conservative: a visual comparison….

20. Congress of Vienna • Significance: leaders will re-draw map of Europe without consideration of population interests • Languages, religions, cultures • Effects: leaders underestimate the power of NATIONALISM and give oppressed people incentive to REBEL • Increased NATIONALISM will lead to WAR by 1914

21. NATIONALISM • “Excessive pride in one’s own people, culture, language and religion that can be both a unifying and dividing force” • “NATION”: does not always mean “Country with political boundaries”… • NATIONALISTS……think it should • NATIONALIST movements will want their “nations” to have their own countries and run their own governments

22. NATIONALISM • Nationalists and their unification movements will serve as a threat to the existing political order • Italian Unification: • German Unification: • Other areas of concern: ANY multi-national empire!

24. Congress of Vienna • Main leaders: each will want peace on his own terms • Austria: Clemens von Metternich • Russia: Alexander I • England: Lord Castlereagh • France: Maurice Tallyrand • Settlement: • Surround France with strong countries • Restore legitimate monarchs • Create of peace keeping organization (Concert of Europe) • Agree to crush all Enlightenment inspired uprisings

27. Colonial “Latin” America at about 1750 • HUGE plantations give high income and status to landowners (oligarchs) • Trade was with mother countries as part of MERCANTILISM • Soon British and French move in to trade areas • CATHOLIC religion was very strong

28. Napoleon Upsets Balance of Power in Europe…. • Spain, Portugal, and eventually FRANCE are weakened….colonies get independence • Haiti • Mexico • Colombia • Venezuela • Brazil

29. SOL 7a: Demonstrate knowledge of the Latin American revolutions of the 19th century by describing the colonial system as it existed by 1800: • What were the characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America in the 19th century? • How did Spain and Portugal maintain control over their Latin American domains? • How did the American and French Revolutions influence independence in Latin America?

30. Latin American colonial system • Duplicated “home” gov’ts : absolute monarchies and rigid class structure • Catholic Church extremely strong in colonies • Mining of Gold/silver for export home was the major element of the colonial economy • Major cities were established as “outposts” of colonial authority in the region…..

31. Major Colonial Cities in Latin America: • Havana (Cuba) • Mexico City (Mexico) • Lima (Peru) • Sao Paulo (Brazil) • Buenos Aires (Argentina)

32. “Rigid” Class/Social Structure • Viceroys (colonial officers) from the Iberian peninsula…or peninsulares • Creoles • Mestizos • Natives/slaves

33. Notable revolutionaries • Toussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti • Father Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico • Simon Bolivar in Northern areas of South America

34. 7d: assess the impact of the Monroe Doctrine • Announced the end of European colonialism in Western Hemisphere • Latin American nations to be acknowledged as “independent”

35. 7d: assess the impact of the Monroe Doctrine • United States would regard any attempt by European powers to impose their systems on any of these independent nations as threat to US peace and safety • At the time…it was just words..Teddy Roosevelt later issues the Roosevelt Corollary to put military power behind the warning

37. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave • Led Haitian rebellion against the French for independence • Abolished slavery (first land to do so in Western Hemisphere)

38. Simon Bolivar • Native-Born resident (Creole) who led revolutionary efforts • Liberated northern areas of South America

39. Italian Unification • Count Cavour unified Northern Italy. • Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy. • The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

40. Italian Unification 1850-1870 Count Cavour

41. Garibaldi & the Red Shirts Garibaldi Mazzini

43. German Unification • Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings. • Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example ofRealpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

44. Realpolitik: means…. “Do whatever it takes to git ‘er done!” “You must have read my book!”

45. German Unification • Economic interdependence (Zollverein tariff union) • German nationalism among German speaking areas : Before unification, German territory was made up of 26duchies, kingdoms, principalities • Schleswig-Holstein • Austrian-Prussian War 1866 • Franco-Prussian War

46. German Unification • Called “the most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914 • Upset the balance of power • METHOD of unification helped define German state character • (United by conservative military, monarch, Prussian PM…all in cahoots to out fox the Prussian LIBERALS)

47. German Unification (behind the scenes) • Railroad system linked states and the tariff union of Zollverein • Hohenzollern tradition was to keep Prussian army strong, Wilhelm I wanted that… • BUT…the Prussian parliament created in 1850 refused to increase taxes…2 year deadlock • Enter Otto von Bismarck and his “Iron and Blood” speech

48. German Unification

49. Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 • Kaiser Wilhelm I : Hohenzollern royal, King of Prussia & First Emperor of United Germany Otto von Bismarck: Chancellor/Prime Minister of United Germany