Immune System & Immunodifiency

1. Immune System & Immunodifiency AmirahPostell & Eunice Brefo

2. What is the immune system? • It’s a system of organs, tissues, and cells that work as one in order to keep bacteria and other infectious invaders from entering into the body.

3. Three main lines of Defense • First line of defense- Integumentary system • The second Line of Defense- Nonspecific Immunity. Act to destroy al foreign invaders • The third Line of Defense- Specific Immunity. Specifically identifies and removes cells identified as foreign.

4. Antigens • Stimulate specific Immune Response • Foreign Invaders has antigens on their cell surface (epitopes) • Antibodies recognize specific antigens and attach to them to remove or destroy the invader. • Out immune system acts more quickly on antigens that it has been exposed to previously

5. T cells • Do NOT secrete antibodies by instead directly attack ells that carry the specific antigen. • Use MHC identification to identify the specific type of cell infected, when see what antigen is connected. • Primary cause of transplant rejection • Summing it all up…

6. Why can’t we get blood transfusions from anyone? • Antibodies and Antigens • Ask me about Rh factor!

7. Cancer Treatment and Monoclonal Antibodies • Can create antibodies that recognize specific antigens on cancer cells. • T-cells can then be used to selectively destroy cancer cells.

8. Cells of the Immune System • Plasma Cells • Don’t live long • Produce and releases antibodies • Macrophages • Help destroy bacteria and tumor cells • Mast Cells • Have many different functions • Found in the tissue • These cells are important to the body’s inflammatory response. • Leukocytes • Defends the body against infection and disease • 5 types

9. Leukocytes(white blood cells) • Leukocytes defend the human body by eating the foreign materials and cellular debris, creating antibodies, or by destroying cancer and other body harming agents. • Survival of white blood cells depends on the amount of energy being created in the body. Typically they are found in the blood while some work in the tissues to fight the infections. • Although they play a big part in keeping people healthy white blood cells don’t live long. Their typical life cycle is from a couple of days to weeks.

10. Types of Leukocytes • Lymphocytes • B & T cells • Granulocytes • Basophils • Eosnophils • Neutrophils • Monocytes

11. Lymphocytes (B&T cells) • Lymphocytes specifically recognize foreign cells and removing them from the host cell. • B cells: • Are produced and mature in the bone marrow. • Release antibodies into the body, when they find the bacteria (or whatever may be attacking the cell) the antibodies attach to the cell and . • Plasma cells is another name given to B-cells that have been exposed to an antigen. • T cells: • Like B-cells they are produced in the bone marrow, however they travel to the thymus gland to mature. • They directly attack the viruses they meet. • NK cells: • Kill the cancerous cells • Uses a tentacle to administer a deadly venom to the cell causing it to disintegrate

12. Granulocytes • Basophils • Involved in inflamatory reactions • Account for -1% of white blood cells. • Synthesize & store histomine • Eosinophils • Protect the body by killing and swallowing bacteria. • If it can’t swallow the bacteria it’ll attach itself and kill the organism. • Neutrophils • Attack the infection before other white blood cells. • Occur the most of all the leukocytes. • Surround the bacteria and kill, also results in the death of the cell also.

13. Monocytes • Single nucleus, ingest foreign materials • From the blood monocytes travel into the bodies tissue and differentiate into macrophages(important in killing bacteria).

15. Importance of the Immune System • Without an immune system humans would die from the most slightest of sicknesses. The immune system helps to fight invaders of the human body unknown to even us. It helps kill bacteria and diseases before we even get sick ourselves. • The strength of our immune systems vary among people, however with a good diet and way of living you can achieve a strong immune system. • Without a healthy immune system we’d be plagued with many infections and deseases even the most slightest of sicknesses become a big problem

16. Immunodeficiency Disorder • Characterized as malfunctions of the immune system, that cause constant infections, are more severe, and last long. •  Result from use of a drug or from a long-lasting serious disorder, can also be inherited. • To identify a disorder doctors usually do blood test and also base diagnosis on symptoms. • If the disorder is severe, stem cell transplantation may be done.

17. Symptoms • Have one infection after another • Respiratory infections occur first and return often • Severe bacterial infections eventually develop that persist, recur, or lead to complications • Example: A continuous sore throat, and head cold could progress to Pneumonia • Skin infections and that of the membranes lining the mouth, eyes, and digestive tract are common • Sores may form in the mouth • Bacterial ear and skin infections are common • Bacterial infections may cause pus-filled (pyoderma) sores to form and possible also warts • Many people will lose weight • Infants and children may have chronic diarrhea and possibly won’t grow and develop as expected to • The earlier the symptoms occur, the more severe the immunodeficiency disorder

18. Immunodeficiency Disorder(cont.) • The disorders prohibit the body’s immune system from prohibiting the entrance of foreign invaders into the body. As a result unusual diseases occur and some rare cancers. • There are two types of disorders: • Congenital- passed down from parents, most are present from birth. • Over 200+ types, rare • Acquired- occur in the later years of life, usually given from either a prior sickness (HIV), or some sort of drug • Easier to notice because they are common

19. Congenital Disorders • Mostly x-linked meaning the disorder will show manly in the males and most females will be a carriers. • About 1 in 500 people have this form • An infected person is usually diagnosed before age 1 however some less serious forms are determined later in life. • Besides the constant infections sometimes developmental delays can be a symptom of the disorder.

20. Examples of Congenital Immunodeficiency Disorders

21. Acquired Disorders • Mainly result from drugs such as immunosuppressants which are used to treat serious disorders • Immunosuppressants hold back the body’s ability to fight infections and maybe even destroy cancer cells • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy also also suppress the body’s immune system • Bad nutrition can impair the immune system • Weight decrease under 80%: Immune system is often impaired • Weight decrease less than 70%: results in severely important circumstances

22. Examples of Acquired Immunodeficiency Disorders

23. Diagnosis • Physical signs of immunodeficiency: • Rashes, hair loss, chronic cough, weight loss, and an enlarged liver and spleen • Lymph nodes and tonsils may be extremely small, and in other cases the lymph nodes could be swollen • Age helps a doctor determine the type of immunodeficiency disorder • Infants younger than 6 months usually indicate an abnormality in T cells • Older children usually indicate an abnormality in B cells and antibody production • The type of infection helps doctors identify immunodeficiency • Risk factors also help a doctor diagnose an immunodeficiency disorder: • diabetes, use of certain drugs, exposure to toxic substances, and the possibility of having close relatives with immunodeficiency disorders (family history)

24. Prevention & Treatment • HIV infection: Ways to reduce the spread of this infection include practicing safe sex, and refraining from sharing needles to inject drugs. • Cancer: Unless immunosuppressants are still needed, successful treatment should restore function of the immune system. • Diabetes: White blood cells can function properly with good control of blood sugar levels, which further prevents infections. • Bacterial infections: • Periodically being treated with immune globulin, intravenously • Practicing proper personal hygiene as well as conscientious dental care • Refraining from eating undercooked foods • Drinking only bottled water • Avoiding contact with people who carry infections • Antibiotics immediately treat fevers or any other signs of an infection developing • Viral infecions: • Antiviral drugs are immediately given at the first sign of an infection. • Amantadinefor influenza • Acyclovir for herpes or chickenpox • Vaccines are given to people who’s immunodeficiency disorder does not prevent the production of antibodies • People with B- or T-Cell abnormalities are given killed viral and bacterial vaccines rather than live ones • Immunodeficiency disorders, mostly severe combined immunodeficiency disorders, can be corrected with stem cell transplantation • It’s said that transplantation of the thymus tissue is also sometimes helpful. • Gene therapy for some congenital immunodeficiency disorders has proved to be successful, but is not broadly used because Leukemia is a risk.

25. Works Cited • http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec16/ch184/ch184a.html • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463540/plasma-cell • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337728/white-blood-cell • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002427/ • http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/chediak-higashi-syndrome/overview.html • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/410999/neutrophil • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189399/eosinophil • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241874/granulocyte • http://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases/byID/161/viewAbstract • http://www.stjude.org/stjude/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=dd8c061585f70110VgnVCM1000001e0215acRCRD&vgnextchannel=bc4fbfe82e118010VgnVCM1000000e2015acRCRD • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135711-overview • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/digeorge-syndrome/DS00998 • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001471/ • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiv-aids/DS00005

26. The End