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II. JERUSALEM, A CITY TO DIE FOR WHY HAD VIOLENCE ALWAYS BEEN SO STRONG IN THIS CITY?

II. JERUSALEM, A CITY TO DIE FOR WHY HAD VIOLENCE ALWAYS BEEN SO STRONG IN THIS CITY?. Jerusalem, the ending point of all wars... The place where peace should be enforced... The cradle of monotheism... Yet, the emblem of massacres and religious intolerance  Why?. HOW IT WORKS

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II. JERUSALEM, A CITY TO DIE FOR WHY HAD VIOLENCE ALWAYS BEEN SO STRONG IN THIS CITY?

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  1. II. JERUSALEM, A CITY TO DIE FOR WHY HAD VIOLENCE ALWAYS BEEN SO STRONG IN THIS CITY? Jerusalem, the ending point of all wars... The place where peace should be enforced... The cradle of monotheism... Yet, the emblem of massacres and religious intolerance  Why?

  2. HOW IT WORKS When destructions and killings were perpetrated By who Against who and how BYZANTINES EmperorHeraclius Massacre of Jews Forced conversions Expulsions EGYPTIANS HITTITES MYCENIANS AEGEANS 630 CE 1450 BCE

  3. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? EGYPTIANS HITTITES MYCENIANS AEGEANS ISRAELITES Israel = struggle withgod* • PHILISTINES • Palestinians • « the invadersfrom the sea » ASSYRIANS 1450 BCE 1300 BCE 900 BCE 900-800 BCE * The name Israel derives from the Hebrew yisra'el, “He that fights with God”, which in turn derives from sara, “he fights”, and El, “God”. This is the name that God gave to Jacob (and all his descendants) after their wrestling match. Genesis 32: 24- “And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 25- And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh (fémur); and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him. 26- And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. 27- And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. 28- And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed”.

  4. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? ROMANS Titus and 100,000 soldiers sacked Jerusalem, destroying the Second Temple, leaving only supporting walls, including the Western Wall. According to Josephus, the estimated death toll was 250,000 to 1.1M Ended in the fortress of Masada ROMANS Last Jewish-Roman war (Bar Kokhba revolt).  580,000 Jews were killed, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed SyriaPalaestina – city of Aelia Capitolia Jewsexpelledfrom JM until the 4th c. 66 / 73 CE BABYLONIANS Nebuchadnezzar II invaded and deported 20,000 Jews (esp. elite group - Samaritans) Then the 587 BCE riot full destruction of Salomon’s Temple « 1st diaspora » ROMANS Conquest of Judaea by Pompey, renamedPalestinaeus, a namegiven as an insult to the Jews (the term meant « the land of the Phillistines ») ROMANS + PRIESTS The calvary of Jesus 597 / 587 BCE 63 BCE 33 CE 132 / 136 CE

  5. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? In 635 CE, the region, including Jerusalem, was conquered by the Arabs and was to remain under Muslim control for the next 1,300 years Jerusalem is named “Iliya”, from the Roman “Aelia” The harmonious relations between Muslims and non-Muslim “tolerated” peoples (the Madinah contract, or Pact of Umar) gave place to harder tensions and violence. SHAHRBARAZ (Persianruler) JEWS 10,000s Christianskilled 37,000 deported The HolySepulcher was burnt BYZANTINES EmperorHeraclius Massacre of Jews Forced conversions Expulsions ARAB-MUSLIMS Oubayda and Walid No killing; Jewsre-allowed to enter and worship 614-617 CE 630 CE 636 CE http://www.worldology.com/Iraq/arab_muslim_caliphate.htm

  6. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? MUSLIMS Omar II Jews are forbiddenfrompraying on Mount Temple MUSLIMS Abbasidcaliph Haroun Al-Rashid Executions and tortures before to deploy tolerance towards pilgrims MUSLIMS JEWS Killings of Christians HolySepulcherburnt FATIMIDS, ABBASIDS, BEDOUINS Regularattacks and slaughters of civilians 720 CE 831 CE 960s CE 10th c CE • MUSLIMS • FatimidCaliph Al-Hakim  the Laws of religiousdifferentiation • After relative tolerancetowards the « Peoples of the Book »... • He decreed that the Christians could no longer celebrate • Epiphany (the revelation of baby Jesus “God the Son” as a human being in Jesus Christ by the 3 Biblical Magi) • or Easter (Pâques = celebrating the resurrection of JC on the third day after his crucifixion at Calvary) • He outlawed the use of wine; a hardship for both Christians and Jews •  He ordered that Jews and Christians follow ghiyār "the law of differentiation" – using a black belt and turban. In addition, Jews had to wear a wooden calf necklace and Christians an iron cross. In the public baths, Jews had to replace the calf with a bell •  Women of the Ahl al-Kitab (Peoples of the Book) had to wear two different colored shoes, one red and one black. •  On 18 October 1009, al- Hakim ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulcher, apparently outraged by the “fraud” practiced by the monks in the "miraculous" Descent of the Holy Fire. Processions were prohibited. •  A few years later all of the convents and churches in the region were said to have been destroyed or confiscated 1004-1014 CE

  7. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? PIRATS BEDOUINS Regularattacks 5,000 Christianspilgrimskilled in 1064 MUSLIM Seljuq dynasty Captured JM Killed people of all confessions CHRISTIAN CRUSADERS Holy massacres... E.g. 1095-1099: crusadingarmiescrossed Europe, exterminatingJewishcommunities In 1099: all inhabitants of JM slaughtered, evenwomen and children  beheaded, disemboweled (éventrés), raped, burnt and buriedalive... 1191: Richard Lionheartbesieged the city 11th c CE 1073 CE 1099 – 13th c CE ''The Normans killed everyone they could find, of course. The concept of mercy being frequently devoid in Christianity during the Crusades. The Muslims, when they retook Jerusalem after a short siege by Saladin, didn't want to kill everyone. They wanted slaves. Makes more profits.''

  8. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? MUSLIMS Saladin Recaptured Jerusalem and drove Crusadersout of it. Massive enslavement . Christian buildings destroyed HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Frederick II Expulsion of Jewsbut Muslimsrespected(in retaliation, the papacywill close him the doors of HolySepulcher). Destroyed the city’sfortifications TATARS Barba Khan Raided JM. Slaughter; monks were beheaded and disemboweled on the altar on the HolySepulcher. 2,000 Xanpilgrimskilled. Thenregularwarlords and bandits attacked and plundered the city. • MAMELOUK MUSLIMS • The Mamluks were originally Muslim soldiers of slave origin, from Turkic tribes. • In 1250, they took the power in many Muslim sultanates and exerted fierce dictatorship everywhere they could. • This warrior class aggravated the lot of Xans and Jews in JM: • Extermination in 1264 (300 Xans and 2 Jews remained alive) • Regular mystic slaughters • Dhimmi discriminations • As a consequence, the city became a nest of vipers for itsresidents. Christian denominationsstruggled for the HolySepulcherwhile taxes on pilgrimsgeneratedtremendous profits. 1187 CE 1229 CE 1244 – 1250s CE 1250s  1510s

  9. WHO KILLED AND DESTROYED IN JERUSALEM? OTTOMAN MUSLIMS Soliman the Magnificent Inferiorized the Peoples of the Book: Jews expelled from Temple Mount  cult restricted to a 3m-large street, dubbed ha-Kotel (“the Wall”) = called Western or Laments’ Wall today Franciscans expelled from the Tomb of David MUSLIM Rulers & mercenaries Jews and Christianstortured A Portuguesenunburntalive Increased taxes “on the back of the 20,000 infidelsdoomed to Hell” ARMENIAN MONKS Alliedwith Ottomans and tried to getrid off the otherdenominations in the HolySepulcher MUSLIMS Husseini families Took control of the keys of the HolySepulcher Extortion of money on the back of Jews Increaseddisciminations and violence Dhimmis forced to kill and burydeaddogs Christians and Jews were beatenwithshoes CHRISTIANS Priests GreekpriestsattackFranciscanswithaxes 1550s CE 1600s – 30s 1700s – 1720s CE 1757 CE Control of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is divided six ways: Franciscans, Greeks, Armenians, Egyptians, Ethiopians and Syrians

  10. ”Monotheism, rather than offering a cosmological solution, is actually a social and cultural mechanism by which moral forces and submission to a higher power are combined, to evoke phalanx societies, which have a high degree of internal cooperation, which enables these societies to survive in crude Darwinian terms, by being more able to compete with and conquer other societies. Despite their pretenses to being under the banner of God, the merciful and compassionate, the realities are enforcement of moral codes through splitting the souls of believers between glowing accounts of heaven and dire penalties, both in this life and the imagined after-life, for any transgressor….The clash of the cultures between the Muslim and the tacitly Judeo-Christian Western world, although also accused of being rampantly materialist, exemplifies this incapacity to heal monotheism into one autonomous faith, except by conquest and submission, because of the intrinsic violence of domination and utopian supremacy implicit in all monotheistic faiths.” http://madamepickwickartblog.com/2010/04/holy-wars-frivolous-missions/

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