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Arch 433

Arch 433. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Attendance. The dust mite creates the second most allergic reactions, second only to pollen. What part of the dust mite is the cause of the reaction? http://www.allergycontrol.com/education_books.asp?mscssid=P30XC0SPWMGM8JXXWJAXH6PUHC4T73P3. Shed skins

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Arch 433

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  1. Arch 433 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

  2. Attendance The dust mite creates the second most allergic reactions, second only to pollen. What part of the dust mite is the cause of the reaction? http://www.allergycontrol.com/education_books.asp?mscssid=P30XC0SPWMGM8JXXWJAXH6PUHC4T73P3 • Shed skins • Corpses • Droppings • Regurgitated food • Eggs

  3. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Accordingly to the EPA, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is up to 5 times worse than outdoor Air

  4. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Bio effluents Dilution Filtration Source capture/elimination Friable Allergen Pathogen Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Building Related Illness (BRI) Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Formaldehyde IAQ -Terms

  5. IAQ Occupied zone is the region in an occupied space from 3” above the floor to 72” above the floor and greater than 2’ from walls or fixed air conditioning equipment.

  6. IAQ What You Need to Know • Be conversant in the various codes and standards relative to healthy indoor environments • Know how to design and construct healthy buildings

  7. IAQ What You Need To Be Able To Do • Identify and avoid dangerous conditions • Select the appropriate strategy to ensure a “healthy” environment

  8. IAQ Sick Building Syndrome “Exists when a significant percentage (e.g., more than 20%) of the occupants complain during a two week period of a set of symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, nausea, eye irritation, and throat irritation, that are alleviated by leaving the building, and are not known to be caused by specific contaminants.” ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004

  9. Building Related Illness (BRI) v. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) • BRI has a known contaminant • Vapors and Gases • bioeffluents • Respirable particles • ETS Source: Lincoln Journal and Star

  10. IAQ • Sources A. Vapors and gases 1. Carbon Dioxide (marker or surrogate) 2. Carbon Monoxide 3. Radon 4. Bio-aerosols 5. Formaldehyde (HCHC) 6. Volatile Organic Compounds

  11. IAQ • Sources Repertory particles (5 to 10 microns) 1. Fungal spores (mildew 2. Fibers (asbestos) 3 Pathogens (Legionnella) 4. Allergens (spores, mold, pollens, etc.)

  12. IAQ • Sources Environmental Tobacco Smoke 1. Gases and droplets (off- gassing) 2. 4,000 different chemical compounds

  13. IAQ • Sources Chemicals • Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) • Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB) • Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Cognitive decline Ischemic Strokes Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Trans generational Inhertance of reproductive Disease

  14. IAQ • Can Cause • Cognitive decline • Ischemic Strokes • Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inhertance of Reproductive Disease

  15. IAQ Filters • Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) • Flat filters is 1 to 4. • ASHRAE Standard 62.1 2010 requires a minimum filter requirement of a MERV 6.

  16. IAQ Filters • The International Mechanical Code IMC-2009 • does not state a minimum MERV value for filters

  17. IAQ Filters • For ventilation purposes • Increase MERV ratings to 16 • Add pre-filters • effectiveness on dust • pollens, • emission particles before entering a ventilation system, • utilizing instruments that monitor and manipulate ventilation and filtering based on occupancy and air characteristics

  18. IAQ • Filters • Per the 2000 U.S. Census 35% of housing stock lack a ventilation system • Negative to increase filtering • Need more Air Pressure

  19. Vapors and Gasses • VOCs • Formaldehyde • Cleaning supplies • Chlorine • Bio-effluents • Human odors • Organic odors • ETS • CO2 • CO • Ozone/smog

  20. Respirable Particles • #1 allergen in homes is the dust mite • How best to mitigate dust mites in your bed?

  21. Respirable Particles • Dust mite (insect) populations decrease below 50% RH • Dust mites die below 40% RH

  22. Respirable Particles • Asbestos • Cyanide • Dust mite droppings • Others?

  23. One Example

  24. Bacteria, Viruses & Mold • Legionella • Viruses • High or low RH • Mold

  25. Mold • Over 64,000 different types of fungi • A few are toxic • Considered a “growth industry” for both remediation contractors and the legal profession

  26. Conditions Needed for Mold Growth • One viable spore • An acceptable temperature range • A usable food source • Adequate moisture in the food source

  27. Failure Analysis • Prof. Kirk’s one-of-a-kind, surefire process guaranteed to result in a mind-numbing law suit.

  28. More Mold

  29. More Mold

  30. More Mold

  31. Strategies Addressing IAQ Concerns • Source Elimination/ Capture • Filtration • Dilution

  32. Source Elimination Strategy “If there is a pile of manure in a space, do not try to remove the odor by ventilation. Remove the pile of manure.” Max Van Pettenkofer (1848)

  33. Design Criteria for Capture • Walls to deck above and sealed • Independent exhaust • No return or recirculation air • Negative air pressure

  34. Source Elimination/Capture • Smoking Rooms • Janitors Closets • Photocopying rooms • Bathrooms • Locker rooms • Kitchens • Others?

  35. Pressurization as an IAQ Strategy?

  36. Source Capture • An effective solution if you can’t eliminate the contaminant

  37. Ultra Violet Light (UVC)

  38. Take-aways or the ‘Ah hahs’ • Identify the contaminants that are in your building (they will be unique) • First try to eliminate them, then capture them, then filter them. • If all else fails, dilute them

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