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World Cultures

World Cultures. Unit 3: World Religions. Atheist vs. Agnostic. Atheist : denial of the existence of supreme beings, supernatural forces, and a life after death.

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World Cultures

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  1. World Cultures Unit 3: World Religions

  2. Atheist vs. Agnostic Atheist: denial of the existence of supreme beings, supernatural forces, and a life after death Agnostic: belief that there may be a supreme being, supernatural forces, and an afterlife, but that humans cannot know or prove it

  3. Cults Definition: a series of beliefs & ritualized practices are taken from outside of those accepted by the predominant culture Characteristics Charismatic Leader who claims a new inspired knowledge Group of people with unquestioning & total obedience to the Leader & their teachings Leader preaches isolation from those not in the group: increases control Destructive practices & personal well being is second to the goals of the leader

  4. Example: Church of Scientology L. Ron Hubbard creator Basic Beliefs: all souls are actually trapped cosmic beings called Thetans. These beings fell from power due to vices and have lost the knowledge of their true identity over Billions of years. They are reincarnated until they can reclaim their identity and reclaim their cosmic powers to rule another world Deadly Cults video

  5. I. Definition of Religion • A. A belief in supernatural beings & supernatural powers • B. People perform rituals to influence the supernatural powers C. Prophet: person who brings the will of God to the people & brings people’s needs before God II. Why do Cultures Create Religions? • A. Make life more meaningful • B. Give people values (priorities) in life • C. Release stress • D. Socialization & community

  6. E. Religions answer many questions • Why do I exist? • What happens when I die? • Where do humans come from? • Who created/controls the Universe? • Why do certain things happen?

  7. Judaism

  8. III. Judaism • A. Founders • 1. Abraham: Patriarch (father • of the faith) a. Covenant with God i. Family would be the chosen people of God, if they Worshipped only God ii. Symbol: Circumcision a. Legitimate Son: Issac b. Illegitimate Son: Ishmael, born to his wife’s Egyptian servant Hagar

  9. 2. Moses: The Law-giver • a. Led the Israelites out of • captivity in Egypt b. Given 10 Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai c. 40 years of wandering in the desert i. Teach the people & find the promised homeland

  10. Moses Maimonides's 13 Principles: • God exists • He is one in a unique and perfect sense • He is immaterial and not to be compared to anything else • He is eternal • Prayer must be addressed to him alone • God reveals himself to the prophets • The prophecy of Moses is unique and superior to everything else • Through Moses, god gave the Jews the torah • God will never revoke or change the torah • God’s providence observes people’s outer and inner actions • People are rewarded and punished as they deserve • The messiah will come, even if He is delayed • The dead are resurrected

  11. B. Concept of God • 1. Monotheistic: a single God 2. Personality: a. Eternal, all-powerful, all knowing, all present, creator of all things • 3. Appearance: No form/ pure spirit 4. Name: JHWH (Jews believe that the name is too holy to pronounce): Jahweh or Jehovah

  12. C. Afterlife 1. Man has an immortal soul that lives on after death of the body • 2. Those who live good and righteous lives return to God

  13. D. Holy Books 1. Torah a. Five books of the law revealed to Moses (First 5 books of the Christian Bible) 2. Talmud • a. Written interpretation of the • Torah

  14. 3. Ten Commandments (Part of the Torah) • a. Worship no other God • b. Do not use God’s name for evil purposes • c. Observe the Sabbath and keep it holy • d. Respect your father & mother • e. Do not murder • f. Do not commit adultery (pre or extra marital sex) • g. Do not steal

  15. h. Do not accuse others falsely • i. Do not desire another man’s house • j. Do not desire another man’s wife, slaves, cattle, • donkeys, or anything else he owns

  16. E. Religious Symbols of Judaism

  17. F. Religious Leader: Rabbi 1. Leader and interpreter of the Torah 2. Ministers to the community 3. Leader of synagogue worship G. Place of Worship: Synagogue

  18. 1. Ark • 2. Torah scrolls 3. NerTamid: Eternal Light • 4. Menorah • 5. Ten Commandments • 6. Rabbi's and Cantor's seats 7. Rabbi's podium • 8. Cantor's & Torah reading • table 9. Bimah: raised platform • 10. Congregation seating

  19. H. Holiest city: Jerusalem 1. Home of the first temple to God built by King Solomon • 2. Diaspora a. Scattering of Jewish people from the promised land: punishment for not obeying God

  20. What Holidays Are Practiced by the Jewish Faith? To answer this question, you will be using the laptops to research the various holidays of the Jewish faith and complete the chart located in your note packet.

  21. I. Branches • 1. Orthodox • a. Emphasize tradition & ritual • b. Strict observance of the Sabbath (not travel, work, or • business) • c. Strict dietary laws (Kosher): no meat & dairy mixture • d. Sin by breaking the laws & commandments

  22. Kosher Rules Prohibited animal flesh: horses, pork and non-kosher beef, lamb and chicken. Kosher animals have a completely split hoof and chew cud, e.g. cows, goat and sheep. Preparing Meat: Single knife cut across the throat, drain the blood, soak meat in water and salted to remove all blood. No meat and dairy can be prepared or eaten together. Kosher fish must have fins and scales, therefore shellfish and eels are excluded. All plant foods are Kosher, unless damaged by rot or insects.

  23. 2. Conservative • a. Not as strict as Orthodox • b. Traditions can be changed • c. Women may sit with men in the synagogue • d. Sin by making poor moral & social decisions

  24. 3. Reform • a. Do not follow traditions • b. Prayers are not in Hebrew, but the local language • c. Do not keep Kosher • d. No afterlife: live on through the memories of others • e. Sin is based upon those things in society that are deemed • evil by the society • 4. All believe: ethical and moral teachings, one God, need for • prayer & worship, & they are the chosen people

  25. J. Messiah: “Anointed” or “Chosen One • 1. Will gather the tribes of Israel • 2. Usher in a kingdom of God on earth • 3. Believe that he will arrive in the future

  26. K. Zionism • 1. Leader: Theodore Herzl (1897) • 2. Establish a homeland for Jews (Got it after • WW II) • L. Numbers of Jews Today (Total: 13.5 Million) 1. US: 6 million 2. Israel: 3 million 3. Rest are scattered Judaism in America Video Clip

  27. Christianity

  28. IV. Christianity (Total 2.18 Billion) • A. Founders • 1. Jesus Christ (Son of God) • a. The messiah sent to earth to • redeem or save mankind • through his death on the cross & resurrection from • the dead • b. Brought a new covenant to the people

  29. The Teachings of Jesus Some of Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Judaism: • Belief in one God • Ten Commandments • Mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless • Obedience to the laws of Moses Jesus also preached new beliefs: • Called himself the Son of God • Proclaimed that he brought salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him • Jesus also emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others.

  30. 2. St. Peter 1. First Pope of the Catholic Church a. The rock that the Church of Christ would be built upon • b. Took over leadership of the church • after the death & resurrection of Christ

  31. 3. St. Paul a. One of the earliest Missionaries of the church i. Helped to spread it • b. Author of many of the books in the • new Testament

  32. Spread of Christianity At first, the apostles and disciples preached only in Judea. Disciples began to preach inJewish communities throughout the Roman world. Jews who accepted thebeliefs of Jesus became the first Christians. Paul spread Christianity beyond the Jewish communities, to non-Jews.

  33. B. Concept of God: Monotheism • 1. Supreme being: all powerful, eternal, all present, all • knowing • a. No physical form • b. Loving & caring • 2. Trinity a. God the Father • b. God the Son • c. God the Holy Spirit

  34. C. Concept of the after life • 1. Immortal soul of man that lives on after the death of the • body • 2. Only in life can they determine where their soul will rest for • eternity • a. Accept the salvation of Jesus Christ, & live a good life = • eternal life in heaven • b. Reject the salvation of Christ or the existence of God = • eternal torture in Hell

  35. D. Holy Books • 1. Old and New Testament of the Holy Bible

  36. Apostle’s Creed • I believe in God, the father almighty • And in Jesus Christ, his only begotten son, • Who was born of the Holy Ghost and Mary, the virgin, • Who was crucified under Pontius Pilate and buried; • On the third day, He rose again from the dead, • Ascended into heaven, • And sits are the right hand of the Father, • From where he shall come to judge the living and the dead; • And in the Holy Ghost; the Holy church; the forgiveness of sins; • And the resurrection of the dead.

  37. E. Religious Symbols of Christianity

  38. F. Religious Leaders • 1. Most common: Priest, minister, reverend, • preacher, pope, bishop • G. Houses of Worship • 1. Church, cathedral, temple, tabernacle, chapel, meeting • house, basilica, citadel (salvation army)

  39. H. Branches • 1. Roman Catholic • Very Centralized: Pope in Rome is the highest earthly authority • b. Clergy cannot marry • c. Worship with statues • d. Emphasize the • Crucifixion of Christ

  40. 2. Eastern Orthodox • a. Reject the authority of the Pope in Rome • b. Clergy cannot marry • c. Worship with Icons (Paintings) not statues • d. Reject the Roman Catholic additions to the Nicean Creed • e. Emphasis on the Resurrection of Christ Eastern Orthodox in America Video

  41. 3. Protestants a. Created during the reformation i. Revolt against the corruption & centralization of the Catholic Church • b. Reject the Authority of the Pope in Rome Martin Luther • c. Clergy can marry • d. Reject the use of both statues & icons as idolatry • e. Reject confessional practices • f. Emphasis on direct study of the bible & the personal • connection & salvation of Christ & God

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