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Biosynthesis of monomers

This document provides a comprehensive overview of essential biosynthesis pathways in cells, including gluconeogenesis, where glucose is synthesized from organic compounds, primarily phosphoenolpyruvate and oxaloacetate. It discusses the complexities of CO2 fixation through the Calvin Cycle and the role of the glyoxylate shunt in regenerating intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Additionally, it covers ammonia assimilation into amino acids, highlighting key enzymes like glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, along with various amino acid groups and the initiation and elongation of fatty acid synthesis.

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Biosynthesis of monomers

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  1. Biosynthesis of monomers • Glucose synthesis from organic compounds • Process is called gluconeogenesis • Most cells can carry out gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate • Many bacteria can use oxaloacetate as starting material • Glucose synthesis from CO2 is more complex (CO2 fixation) • Calvin Cycle • Glyoxylate shunt is used to regenerate compounds in the citric acid cycle when intermediates are diverted for biosynthesis (see figure 4.20 page 127)

  2. Gluconeogenesis

  3. UDPG and carbohydrate synthesis

  4. Glycogen synthesis

  5. Pentose synthesis

  6. Ammonia assimilation • Assimilation means biosynthesis, usually referring to inorganic molecules • The product of ammonia assimilation is usually an amino acid • Glutamate dehydrogenase • Glutamine synthetase • Amines are then transaminated

  7. Ammonia assimilation

  8. Amino acid synthesis: glutamate and aspartate groups

  9. Amino acid synthesis: alanine, serine, aromatic, and histidine groups

  10. Fatty acid synthesis: initiation

  11. Fatty acid synthesis: elongation

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