Biosynthesis

1. Biosynthesis Dr. Hisashi KiowaTexas A&M University

2. Biosynthesis and Engineering of Plant Natural Products • What are natural products? • How natural products are produced in plants • Bioactivity of natural products • Engineering natural products biosynthesis--case studies

3. Natural Products are often called as secondary metabolites Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites • Not essential for plants • Complicated regulation of the biosynthesis • Can be both constitutive and inducible • Tissue specificity • Bioengineering • Complex chemical structure (difficult though not impossible to chemically synthesize) • Beneficial for human use

4. Nature may not be the best source of Natural Products Accumulation of natural products can take years

5. In vitro system to produce Natural Products Copis plants Selected alkaloid- producing cells Berberine crystals Biosynthesis in roots Products are transferred to leaves to be stored 5-6 years 5% Dry Weight 3 weeks 8-10% Dry Weight

6. Tissue culture system has been used to study secondary metabolite synthesis Induction of shikonin biosynthesis Pigments has been used for cosmetics industry Red beet hairy root culture

7. Topics for natural products • Terpenoid (isoprenoid) • Alkaloids (N-containing basic compound) • Phenylpropanoids and Phenolics Lignins Flavonoids

8. Terpenoids • Lipid molecules • estimated 22,000 different types • ~ 400 in tobacco alone • MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF PLANT CHEMICALS • Essential compounds • membrane sterols, carotenoids, groups on chlorophyll, heme a, UQ & PQ, cytokinins, abscisic acid gibberellins • function in photosynthesis, respiration, growth & development, membrane architecture • Secondary metabolites (natural products) • volatiles (essential oils) - major plant odours • tree resins & polyterpenes - insect- & rot-proof • phytoalexins • important in response to environment

9. Reasons for the greater diversity in plan terpenoids • Mode of connections of C5 units • Length of connected C5 units • Diverse cyclization reaction • Various secondary modifications

10. What is the C5 precursor of terpenoids? OPP isopentenyl PP (IPP, C5) Diversity of terpenoids first arises from diverse way of joining multiple isopentanes (C5 unit).

11. Architecture of terpenoids Hemiterpenes: isoprene Monoterpenes: volatile essences of flowers essential oil Sesqiterpenes: essential oil phytoalexins Diterpenes: phytol (chlorophyll side chain) gibberellin, resin, taxol Sesterterpenes: Triterpenes: brassinosteroids membrane sterols Tetraterpenes: carotenoid pigments

12. Acyclic and Cyclic Natural Terpenes:

13. IPP synthesised by 2 different pathways MVA pathwayMEP pathway Archaebacteria, Most eubacteria fungi and animals (cytosol and ER)(plastid) Monoterpenes Diterpenes Cytokinins Abscisic acid Gibberellins Carotenoids Phytol Plastoquinone Tocopherols Brassinosteroids Phytosterols Phytoalexins Prenyl groups Ubiquinone (mitos) • Most organisms only use one of the two pathways for the biosynthesis of their precursors. • Plants use both the MEP pathway and the MVA pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis, although they are localized in different compartments

14. Non-mevalonate pathway functions in plastids chlorophyll DXS thiamine pyridoxol DXR fosmidomycin CDP-ME synthase carotenoid CDP-ME kinase ME-cPP synthase HMBPP synthase IDP/DMAPP synthase

15. Prenyln Cytokinins Substituted tRNA bases Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) Cyclase Geranyl PP (C10; GPP) Monoterpenes Coupling Cyclase Squalene C30 Sterols Triterpenes Farnesyl PP (C15; FPP) Sesquiterpenes Cyclase Geranylgeranyl PP (C20; GGPP) Phytol Gibberellins Diterpenes Coupl- ing PT Phytoene C40 Carotenoids C45-50 Polyterpenes (C30,000) Rubber PT PT Abscisic acid Sidechains of PQ & UQ Formation of parent carbon skeltons

16. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) Cyclase Geranyl PP (C10; GPP) Monoterpenes Cyclase Farnesyl PP (C15; FPP) Sesquiterpenes Cyclase Geranylgeranyl PP (C20; GGPP) Diterpenes Terpene synthase/cyclase

17. Limonene synthase as a prototypical monoterpene synthase next slide for mechanism Oil grand EST project yielded identification of several biosynthetic enzymes Plant Physiology, 120, 879

18. (peppermint) Modification of limonene to menthol Dehydrogenease P450 (spearmint) P450 Reductase menthofuran synthase Isomerase Dehydrogenease Reductase Reductase Plant Physiol 122, 215

19. Manipulating Peppermint Oil Synthesis • Introduction of sense DXR increases the flux of MEP pathway • Increase of up to 50% essential oil • Antisense menthofuran synthase decreases by product of menthol synthesis • Decrease of 50% menthanofuran Plant Oil weight Menthol(%) Menthofuran (mg/g FW) WT 1.8 6.9 16.8 DXR6 2.6 12.7 15.7 MFS1 1.7 23.2 2.5 PNAS 98, 8915

20. Alkaloids Definition • Pharmacologically active, nitrogen-containing basic compounds of plant origin • Found in about 20 % of plant species • Many of them serves as a chemical defense of plants against herbivores • Many alkaloids are toxic to insects (nicotine, caffeine, etc) • Herbivory stimulates biosynthesis • Ingredients of medicinal plants • Pharmaceuticals • Narcotics • Stimulants • Poisons Ref: Alkaloid biosynthesis in plants Ammu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. (2001), 52, 29-66

21. Four classes of alkaloids Terpenoid-indole alkaloid (Trp) Tropane alkaloid (SAM) Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (Tyr) Purine alkaloid

22. Major alkaloid products Name Class Function Caffeine Purine Nicotine - Atropin Tropane Anticholinergic Hyoscyamine Scoporamine Sedative Cocain Topical anaesthetic Berberine Benzylisoquinoline Morphine Analgestic Codein Heroin (semisynthetic) Quinine Indole Antimalarial Vinblastin Antineoplastic Camptothecin Anticancer

23. Purine alkaloids Ripening beans of Coffea arabica coffee tea chocolate Kola nut metabolite of caffeine in animals Chinese tea coffee tea minor alkaloids in coffee Ashihara and Crozier (2001)

24. RNA interference: Producing decaffeinated coffee plants

25. Phenylpropanoids and phenolics • Aromatic metabolites that possess one or more “acidic”-OH groups attachd to the phenyl ring. • Major classes • Lignin/Lignans • Polymeric (lignins) structure that reinforce cell wall • Unique to land plants and not found in aquatic plants • Hydrolizable tannins: polyphenols • Flavonoids:most diverse group, includes anthocyanin, anthocyanidins, isoflavonoids, etc. • Condensed tannins • Coumarins: defense chemicals, toxic to mammals. • Stilbenes: antifungal property, target of biotechnology. • Suberin: Structures of polyaromatic, hydrophobic layer alternated with phenolic hydrophillic layer

26. Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid Flavonoid Cinnamic acid Phenylalanine p-Coumaric acid Monolignol Stilbens Coumarins

27. Transgenic poplars for better pulp production WT anti-CAD • 4-year-long field trial is conducted using UK and France sites with COMT and CAD antisense plants • UK site was terminated early due to activist‘ vandalism

28. Lignans • Lignan is a group of dimeric phenylpropanoid (C6C3). Most of the lignans are connected by 8-8’ bonds, but other linkages exists. 8 8’ 8 8’

29. Lignans with different linkages

30. Lignans are absorbed by the digestive system and can protect against breast and prostate cancer

31. Some plant species uses stylbene synthase to produce defense compounds against pathogens

32. DFR ANS 3GT DFR ANS 3GT DFR ANS 3GT 3x malonyl CoA Isoflavonoids CHS, CHR Flavones a-KG P450 (dihydroflavonol) Flavonols OH | OH | F3H F3‘H F3‘5’H OH Dihydroquercetin Dihydrokaempferol Dihydromyricetin Condensed tannin -Glc -Glc -Glc Cyanidin Pelargonidin Delphinidin

33. DFR ANS 3GT DFR ANS 3GT Genetic engineering of Blue rose OH | OH | F3‘H F3‘5’H OH Dihydroquercetin Dihydrokaempferol Dihydromyricetin -Glc -Glc Cyanidin Delphinidin

34. Discussion topics • Controversy about genetically modifying the biochemical profile of plants for consumption