Tidal Energy, Needs and Technology

1. Tidal Energy, Needs and Technology

2. Outline of Talk • Motivation • Why don’t we just use ________________(fill in the blank) • The current state of the industry • John Ferland “P-guy” Ocean Renewable Power Company • There is stuff in the water • Other developers, technology and barrier issues

3. Global ClimateAnthropogenic CO2And the Role of Tidal and Alternative Energy A “Maine-Centric” Perspective Can’t we just use wind, solar, biomass, off-shore wind, nuclear, geothermal Michael “Mick” Peterson, Ph.D. UMaine Numbers and thinking by Anna Demeo UMaine & College of the Atlantic

4. World Situation…. • “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal “ 1 • “Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (human) greenhouse gas concentrations.” 1 1Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciences Basis, IPCC, <http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html>. Retrieved on 01-01-2007

5. Carbon Footprints…. • The average Portland resident emitted 0.908 tons of CO2 from residential fuels – highest in the country and 1.443 tons of CO2 from transportation • The average Los Angeles resident emitted 0.391tons of CO2 from residential energy use and 1.022 tons of CO2 from transportation So who has a problem! Portland Maine has a 66% higher per capita footprint

6. Climate Change….

7. What if I don’t Care About Climate Change? • The first industry auction of carbon dioxide allowances already took place in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative • It's the first mandatory carbon regulatory venture in the United States. • Carbon in the northeast now has a value AND • Oil is expensive and comes from people who are not necessarily friendly

8. US and Maine Situation • 40.5 percent of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the United States result from combustion of fossil fuels for electrical generation 2. • Maine electricity CURRENTLY averages 13.18 cents per kilowatt hour, >39% higher than the average for the U. S.3 • Over 80% of Maine homes heat with fuel oil, the highest in the nation • [2] Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1998, Chapter 2, "Carbon Dioxide Emissions," DOE/EIA-0573(98) (Washington, DC, October 1999). • [3] Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly with data for September 2007http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html retrieved 12-31-07

9. ME Sources of Residential Heathttp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=ME Fuel Oil = 80% Natural Gas = 4% Propane = 5% Electricity = 5% Wood/other = 6% The rest of the Northeast is less extreme, trends exist.

10. Energy Use for Residential Home Heating Mostly from friendly places though!

11. Energy Use: Heating Fuel 0.908 tons of CO2for each Maine Resident *Wood is often considered zero emissions **Source: Energy Information Administration: www.eia.doe.gov

12. Let’s Convert to Electric Heat Current Situation: Quantity: 15,610 thousand barrels of Oil for residential heating Cost: $4.2/gal = $2.75 billion CO2 Emissions: 14,675 million lbs Convert to heat pump w/ COP = 3 Quantity: 9309 million kWh for equivalent of Oil for residential heating Cost: $.1636/kWh = $1.52 billion CO2 Emissions: 10,649.5 million lbs *(1.144 lbs CO2/kWh) *figures based on National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory annual report Reduce Heating CO2 by 27% and price volatility… a lot of power

13. Cost of Heat Pumps • 425,000 households convert from fuel oil to heat pumps at $3500 (cost may vary) • One Time Cost:$1.5 Billion to convert to heat pumps • Yearly Fuel Savings: $4580/year/house … $1.94 Billion/year. • 27% reduction in CO2 from heating Result: Maine 40% higher not 132% higher than LA in residential CO2 Is this is too good to be true!! What is the catch?

14. Current Electricity Generation: Convert residential oil heat to electric heat with heat pump requires an additional 9.5 million kWh of annual electricity generation: What are the options? This is a lot of electricity If we do not consider generation demand will drive up costs

15. The Catch! Electric Power for Supply • We need to replace the oil with electricity • 9.5 million kWh of annual electricity • A 5 month heating season • More than 2.5 GWatts of Generating Capacity • Options • Nuclear • Wind • Water Power Everything else is in short supply and/or has a big carbon footprint! Carbon has a $$$ value now!

16. The Nuclear Option • We need >2.5 GWatts Capacity • This is more than 4 Vermont Yankee size plants (93% capacity factor!) • One 1.350GW nuclear reactor costs $6 - 9 Billion or $4500 - $6500 / kW (FLP and Review) • Your cost $11-16 Billion (plus heat pumps) • CO2 from nuclear* • 1,354 million lbs of CO2 vs. Oil at 10,649 million lbs • Nuclear plants emit almost no CO2 at point of generation but contribute from uranium preparation for the reactor including: mining, milling the ore, fuel enrichment and fuel-rod fabrication. • Greenpeace -- (.377 lbs CO2/kWh) Nuclear Industry 606 million lbs (.065 lbs CO2/kWh) • August 2008 issue of the peer-reviewed journal Energy Policy : http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/07/15/nuclear-power-a-false-solution-climate-change.html

17. Off-Shore Wind • Costs • Infrastructure needs, 60 miles off-shore cabling & 2.5 GWatt Capacity, $1.5 billion in cabling • Estimated installed Cost $1500-2500 kW, Real life: Arklow, GE Project in Ireland, $3600 kW* • Result: (45% Capacity) $3800 - $9000 kW (Ocean energy conference number $8000 kW) • Capital Costs -- $9-22 Billion • CO2 from off-shore wind* • More than a 95% reduction in CO2 vs. Oil • Wind plants emit no CO2 at point of generation but contribute from manufacturing, construction, maintenance and servicing costs. *50 million £ for 25 MWatts 10 km off-shore

18. We need an economic rescue $9-22 Billion in Investment This will solve the Maine CO2 Problem And our economic exposure The capital required for a simple fix does not exist We also need a fast solution even if it is partial

19. No Single Solution for Any of Us • Diversify our energy portfolio • Like a GOOD investor • Costing of options is CO2 plus capital • Nothing is too small to matter if it is robust • Can afford the capital costs • Can we make the system work • Our options • Tidal • Biomass • Terrestrial wind

20. Biomass/Heat Pump • Home heating solution • Heat pump for the warmer days • Pellet stove for the cold days • Perfect solution • Increased COP for heat pump, it is working when efficient • Pellet stove to keep up on the cold days, and uses our limited supply of wood when needed • Even in Maine need pellet stove 14 days per year • Well suited to “spot heating” • Results: lower carbon footprint, reduced capital demand

21. Terrestrial Wind • New England and Maine have wind resources consistent with utility-scale production in the following areas: • Ridges and crests of North-Central and Northwestern Maine • Presque Isle Area • Adirondacks • Etc…. • Nationally some keyresource areas • North Dakota – Underdeveloped grid • Texas – Fast developing • Great Plains • Will be up to 20% of US power over capacity factor and limits on location

22. Tidal Energy • In Maine250-400 MWatts in 1-5 years • Larger than terrestrial wind • A unique resource in Maine • One of the leading efforts in North America • Ocean Renewable Power Company: • Nascent research effort with Maine Maritime Academy and UMaine