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The Digestive System

Explore the functions of the digestive system, from digestion to absorption and excretion, along with the components like the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, liver, and large intestine. Learn about prefixes, suffixes, word components, and common diseases and disorders related to the digestive system.

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The Digestive System

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  1. The Digestive System

  2. 3 functions • Digestion – breakdown of food into nutrients that can be absorbed in the form of molecules • Absorption – passage of nutrients into the bloodstream to be carried to body tissues & cells • Excretion – elimination of waste products

  3. Gastrointestinal Tract • Extends from mouth to anus • The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following : Mouth Throat Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Small bowel Colon Rectum Anus

  4. Other organs of GIT • Liver (hepatobiliary system) • Gallbladder • Pancreas • These organs lie outside GIT but contribute to the Digestion process

  5. STOMACH LIVER LARGE INTESTINE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  6. Mouth • Food is moistened and chewed (i.e. mastication) • Contains teeth, tongue, • Contains hard & soft palate (roof of mouth) • Contains uvula which stops food entering the nasal cavity with swallowing

  7. Mouth Cont’d • Salivary glands supply saliva with digestive enzymes for food breakdown • Tonsils – located in oropharynx & produce leucocytes

  8. Oesophagus • Is a tube connecting pharynx to stomach • Moves food into stomach by peristalsis

  9. Oesophagus word component

  10. Stomach • Hollow organ • Lies below diaphragm in upper abdominal cavity, LUQ • It is divided into three (3) sections i) the fundus ii) the body which is the middle section iii) the pylorus (the lower, small end).

  11. Stomach cont’d • Gastric juices break down the food into watery material to make absorption easier • Pepsin (an enzyme) also breaks down food • Has 2 sphincters 1. cardiac sphincter – prevents regurgitation into oesophagus 2. pyloric sphincter – controls passage of food into small intestine

  12. Word Components

  13. Small Intestine • Is 6 metres long • Nutrients from broken down food is absorbed through the intestinal walls • 3 sections 1. duodenum –connected to pylorus of stomach 2. jejunum – middle section 3. ileum- lower section and joins onto large intestine

  14. Stoma -stomy • Stoma means a surgical opening • -stomy is also referred to an operation to form an opening between two parts e.g. stomach to abdomen • Can be an opening from the intestine onto the outside of the body after surgical removal of part of intestine

  15. -stomy Is joined onto combining forms to add meaning e.g. • Jejun / o / stomy is creation of a new opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum • Ile /o / stomy is creation of a new opening through the abdominal wall into the ileum

  16. -stomy It is also used with two combining forms for organs & means an opening between two body parts or organs that would normally be separated • Gastr / o / enter / o /stomy is a new surgical opening between stomach and small intestine NB: when the 2 combining forms gastr/o and enter/o are joined the combining vowel is retained

  17. Suffixes • Gram – refers to a drawing or picture • Graphy – refers to the technique of making a recording • Graph – refers to the instrument that make the recording

  18. Word components

  19. Large Intestine (i.e. large bowel) • 1 metre long • Water is absorbed through large intestine back into body • waste becomes solid

  20. Large Intestine cont’d 3 major sections • Caecum hold appendix • Colon – ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon • rectum

  21. Word components

  22. Liver –manufactures & releases bile Lies in RUQ Liver

  23. Lies inferior surface of liver stores bile & releases bile through common bile duct into duodenum Gallbladder

  24. Pancreas • Lies posterior to stomach • Produces juices filled with enzymes to digest food • Releases digestive juices into the duodenum • Secretes insulin which is a hormone is released when blood sugar levels rise pg 42

  25. Procedures • Cholecystectomy • Cholecystography • Colonoscopy • Enterectomy • Hemicolectomy • Laparoscopy • Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty pg 44

  26. Prefixes

  27. Suffixes

  28. Diseases and disorders • Adhesion – fibrous band • Ascites – accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity • Cachexia – abnormally low weight • Cirrhosis – scarring of an organ (liver) • Divrticulum – abnormal pouch in wall of a tube (colon ) • Cholelithiasis – stones in gallbladder pg 46

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