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Cellular Respiration: The Key to Energy Production in Cells

Cellular respiration is a vital process in cells where glucose is converted into ATP, the universal energy carrier. This process occurs primarily in mitochondria and is essential for both consumers and producers. It involves glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, and the electron transport chain to produce ATP, which is used for various cellular activities like active transport, muscle contractions, and protein synthesis.

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Cellular Respiration: The Key to Energy Production in Cells

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. Adenosine Triphosphate • Universal energy carrier of the cell • Active transport • Reproduction • Movement • Muscle contractions • Protein synthesis • Hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + Energy • Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

  3. Cellular Respiration 1C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP • Primarily in mitochondria • Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP • Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

  4. Glycolysis • Start: Glucose (6-carbon molecule) • 2ATP energizes the glucose • Phosphate breaks from ATP • Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C) • Finish: Two pyruvates 4 ATPs NADH (H carriers)

  5. Glucose (6 carbon molcule) ADP ADP NADH NADH ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+

  6. Glycolysis Summary

  7. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Step 1: Pyruvate broken down • Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2 • More NADH created

  8. Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 CO2 CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid

  9. Step 2: Coenzyme A • Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)

  10. Step 3: Citric Acid formed • Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle) • Citric Acid (6C) created

  11. Acetyl coA #1 Acetyl coA #2 citric acid citric acid 4 carbon molecule 4 carbon molecule

  12. Step 4: Citric Acid broken down • Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule • CO2 waste created • More NADH created

  13. Citric acid 5C molecule Citric acid 5C molecule NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2

  14. Step 5: 5C molecule broken down • 5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule • CO2 waste created • More NADH created • ATP created

  15. 5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2 ADP ADP

  16. Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged • Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule • More NADH, FADH2 created • 4C molecule restarts the Kreb’s cycle when bonded with Acetyl-CoA

  17. Citric acid 4C molecule Citric acid 4C molecule Acetyl coA Acetyl coA

  18. Kreb’s Summary • 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: • 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2

  19. Glycolysis: net gain of 2ATP Glucose (6 carbon molcule) ADP ADP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ADP Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+

  20. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 CO2 CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid

  21. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Acetyl coA #1 Acetyl coA #2 citric acid citric acid 4 carbon molecule 4 carbon molecule

  22. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Citric acid 5C molecule Citric acid 5C molecule NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2

  23. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule ATP ATP NAD+ NAD+ CO2 CO2 ADP ADP

  24. Electron Transport Chain • Step 1: Electrons removed • Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

  25. Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported • Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria • H+ ions accumulate H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

  26. H+ H+ • Step 3: ATP produced • H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi • 34 ATP created H+ H+ ADP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP

  27. Step 4: Water created • Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste H+ O O O H+ H+ H2 O H+ H2 O

  28. Your essay question on the next test! Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles, after eating a green leaf salad.

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