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Human Anatomy

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in immune response and fluid balance in the body. It is responsible for producing, maintaining, and distributing lymphocytes, the white blood cells that confer immunity against pathogens, cancer cells, and foreign proteins. It also helps maintain normal blood volume by draining interstitial fluid through lymph ducts and nodes. Enlargement of lymph nodes indicates an immune response to infections or allergens. The thoracic duct, the largest lymphatic duct, connects lymphatic drainage to the bloodstream. Understanding lymph node analysis is crucial for breast cancer prognosis and treatment success.

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Human Anatomy

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  1. Human Anatomy The Lymphatic System

  2. Function(s) • Production, maintenanceanddistribution of lymphocytes • Maintainnormal blood volume

  3. 1. Lymphocytes • White blood cell • Confer immunity against: • Bacteria and viruses • Cancer cells • Foreign proteins i.e., toxins

  4. 2. Maintain Blood Volume Interstitial fluid Lymph

  5. Components • Lymph ducts • Lymph nodes – comprised of lymphocytes • Lymph nodes will become enlarged when reacting in an immune response • Infection • Allergenic reaction

  6. Lymphatic System

  7. Lymph Returned to Blood • Lymph is drained into venous system at junction of internal jugular and subclavian on R&L sides

  8. Thoracic Duct Thoracic duct is the largest lymph duct in the body. It drains into junction of Left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

  9. Whole Body Lymph Drainage Pattern

  10. Breast Cancer • Primary cause of death in women between 35 – 45 yo. • Risk factors • Family history • Pregnancy after 30 yo. • Early menarche (1st menstrual period) • Late menopause (last menstrual period)

  11. Lymph Node Analysis • Lymph drains first to the axillary nodes • If cancer cells are not detected in axillary nodes (spread), 5-year survival is 82%. • If 4 or more axillary lymph nodes contain cancer cells, survival rate drops to 21% • Successful treatment begins in early detection when the tumor is very small.

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