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The Civil Rights Movement Begins. Ch 16.1. Monday, May 21, 2012.
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The Civil Rights Movement Begins Ch 16.1
Monday, May 21, 2012 • Daily goal: Understand how Rosa Parks helped start the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the difference between de facto segregation and Jim Crow laws and the roles played by Linda Brown, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Thurgood Marshall.
THE POWER OF A PHOTOGRAPH: THE LYNCHING OF EMMETT TILL • “I couldn’t bear the thought of people being horrified by the sight of my son. But on the other hand, I felt the alternative was even worse. After all, we had averted our eyes for far too long, turning away from the ugly reality facing us as a nation. Let the world see what I’ve seen.” -Mamie Till Bradley
Separate but Equal • Since the end of Reconstruction after the Civil War, Jim Crow laws had segregated the South and denied African Americans and other minorities of their rights. • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had established the “separate but equal” doctrine which permitted segregation in public places based on races as long as separate facilities were provided.
de facto segregation • Jim Crow Laws legally enforced segregation, but in many places it was tradition or de facto segregationwhich created racial boundaries.
NAACP • The NAACP supported cases trying to overturn separate but equal segregation.
THE BROWNDECISION(MAY 17, 1954)- overturned Plessyv. Ferguson, ending the era of “separate, but equal” “SEPARATE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ARE INHERENTLY UNEQUAL. SEPARATING CHILDREN SOLELY BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE GENERATES A FEELING OF INFERIORITY AS TO THEIR STATUS IN THE COMMUNITY THAT MAY AFFECT THEIR HEARTS AND MINDS IN A WAY UNLIKELY TO BE UNDONE.” CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN NAACP LAWYERS JAMES NABRITT, JR., THURGOOD MARSHALL AND GEORGE E. C. HAYES
Linda Brown • Linda Brown went to a run down black school 21 blocks away when there was a white school 4 blocks away . • She applied to the White school, but the Board of Education rejected it. • Linda Brown was told to attend the all black school across town. • The NAACP then sued the Board of Education on her behalf.
Brown v Board of Education • Linda Brown’s family sued the Board of Ed and the reached the Supreme Court. • The NAACP appointedThurgood Marshall to represent the Brown family. • The Court ruled unanimously that “separate but equal” was “inherently unequal” and schools could no longer be segregated.
Think About it… • How do you think White-only schools reacted to the Supreme Court’s decision on Brown v Board of Education?
ROSA PARKS REFUSED TO GIVE UP HER SEAT FOR A WHITE MAN ON A SEGREGATED BUS IN 1955 SEE SPEAKER NOTES
Rosa Parks • Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up on a segregated bus to a white man. • Her arrest lead to AA boycotting the Montgomery Bus Co.
What happened to Rosa Parks? • She was arrested, and charged with disorderly conduct and required to pay a $10 fine.
Montgomery Bus Boycott • African American residents of Montgomery, AL responded to the arrest of Rosa Parks by not riding the buses in Montgomery for 1 day. • The The boycott was organized through the Southern Baptist Churches and given support by the NAACP. • Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. • Results of the boycott:
Montgomery Bus Boycott • The boycott was so successful, that residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days, from Dec. 1955 – Dec.1956. • 90% of the bus riders were African American. • At the height of the boycott the city of Montgomery was losing over $2000.00 per day. “AND YOU KNOW, MY FRIENDS, THERE COMES A TIME WHEN PEOPLE GET TIRED OF BEING TRAMPLED OVER BY THE IRON FEET OF OPPRESSION. IF WE ARE WRONG, THE SUPREME COURT OF THIS NATION IS WRONG!” DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. 1955
Montgomery Bus Boycott • The AA citizens of Montgomery responded by boycotting the bus company for 381 days until the company desegregated the buses. • The boycott was led by 26 year old Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr. • Dr. King followed the philosophy of Gandhi who used non-violent resistance.
Little Rock Schools reopened in the fall 1957, but were they really integrated? To find out, 9 students were handpicked to attend Little Rock High. 9 African American students were hand picked to attend Little Rock High School. • Ernest Green • Melba Pattillo • Elizabeth Eckford • Gloria Ray Karlmark • Carlotta Walls • Terrence Roberts • Jefferson A. Thomas • Minnijean Brown • Thelma Jean Mothershed • They were hand • picked because they • were considers • “good blacks”
Governor Faubus resists integration • The governor ordered National Guard troops to bar the students from entering the building • “If they want to desegregate the schools let them come here and enforce it” • How would President Eisenhower respond?
President Eisenhower responded by taking over the Arkansas National Guard and by sending in the 101st Airborne to ensure the safety of the African American students and to restore order
President Eisenhower responded by taking over the Arkansas National Guard and by sending in the 101st Airborne to ensure the safety of the African American students and to restore order
President Eisenhower responded by taking over the Arkansas National Guard and by sending in the 101st Airborne to ensure the safety of the African American students and to restore order
The Little Rock 9 • Eisenhower became the first President since the Civil War to send Federal troops into the South. • The Army enforced desegregation at Central High School for the rest of the year.
