Renaissance: The Rebirth of Classical Knowledge and the Birth of the Modern World

1. Russia England France Aztec Empire Persia Spain China Ottoman Empire Songhai Empire Mayan Empire Mughal India Incan Empire World History 10 Sol Review

2. Renaissance • “Rebirth” of classical knowledge, “birth” of the modern world • Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city states to northern Europe

3. The Praise of Folly ?

4. Contributions of the Renaissance • Accomplishments in the visual arts—Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci • Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays)—Shakespeare • Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism)—Erasmus • Machiavelli—The Prince (Government)

5. Which idea about leadership would Machiavelli most likely support, according to his book The Prince? • leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals • leaders should fight against discrimination and intolerance • leaders should listen to the desires of the people • elected leaders should be fair and good

6. Which was a major characteristic of the Renaissance? • conformity • humanism • mysticism • obedience

7. One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had • a wealthy class that invested in the arts • a socialist for of government • limited contact with the Byzantine Empire • a shrinking middle class

8. In the Renaissance period, which factor was emphasized by the philosophy of humanism? • superiority of medieval thought • devotion to religion • value of the individual D. obedience to government officials

9. Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa • Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterranean basin • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Northern European links with the Black Sea • Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Importance of trade patterns • Exchange of products and ideas

10. Advancements exchanged along trade routes • Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) • Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East) • Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics

11. Location and importance of world religions in 1500 a.d. • Judaism—Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East • Christianity—Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East • Islam—Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe • Hinduism—India and part of Southeast Asia • Buddhism—East and Southeast Asia

13. Role of the printing press • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. • The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. • These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

14. Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome • Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury. • German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. • The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. • Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

15. Protestants • Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) • Views—Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God • Actions—95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church • John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) • Views—Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic • Actions—Expansion of the Protestant Movement

16. Protestants Continued • King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition) • Views—Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome • Actions—Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

17. Reformation in Germany • Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states. • The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. • Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

18. Reformation in England • Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I. • The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism.

19. Reformation in France • Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked). • Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

20. Catholic Counter Reformation • Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority. • Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. • Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

21. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for • religious revolt against the German princes • reforms within the Roman Catholic Church • greater papal authority • crusades to spread Christianity

22. Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe? • the Catholic Church accepted the dominance of the new Protestant religions in Italy, France, and Germany B. Spain became a predominately Protestant nation • Catholic Church leaders refused to make any changes in church practices • the power of the Catholic Church in Europe was weakened

23. Which factor helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation? • the Catholic clergy had lost faith in their religion • Islam was attracting many converts in Western Europe • kings and princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Catholic Church • the exploration of the Americas led to the introduction of new religious ideas

24. In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during the 16th century was to • prevent the introduction of Protestant religions • reintroduce Moorish culture to the Iberian Peninsula • encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution • implement the ideas of the Renaissance in major cities

25. Which was not a result of the Anglican Reformation? A. Henry VIII broke with Rome in order to divorce his wife. B. The Anglican Church became the national church of England. • Business and wealth increased after the Catholic Church was forced out. D. Elizabeth brought the Catholic Church back to England.

26. Who is responsible for starting the Anglican Church? • Martin Luther • King Henry VIII • John Calvin • Gutenberg

27. Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere • Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe • Support for the diffusion of Christianity • Political and economic competition between European empires • Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins) • Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator

28. Establishment of overseas empires and decimation of indigenous populations • Portugal—Vasco da Gama • Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan • England—Francis Drake • France—Jacques Cartier

29. Means of diffusion of Christianity • Migration of colonists to new lands • Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands • Conversion of indigenous peoples

30. Americas • Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America • Demise of Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires • Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America • Forced migration of some Africans into slavery • Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent country

31. Africa • European trading posts along the coast • Trade in slaves, gold, and other products Asia • Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) • Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British)

32. Columbian Exchange • Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles. • European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians (First Americans). • European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians (First Americans).

33. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves. • Slavery was based on race. • European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment. • The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.

34. Export of precious metals • Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia) • Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas • Impact on Spain and international trade

35. Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations • developed advanced and complex societies before the arrival of the Europeans-(math-calendar) • established extensive trade with Pacific Rim nations • were strongly influenced by their contact with Asian and African civilizations • were relatively large, but not well organized

36. In Latin America, the Maya and the Aztec civilizations were similar in that they • Showed little evidence of urbanization • Lacked a strong central government • Developed complex mathematical and calendar systems • Used military weapons superior to those of Europeans

37. Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration? A. Islamic culture spread across Africa and Asia B. European influence spread to the Western hemisphere C. independence movements developed in Asia and Africa D. military dictatorships were established throughout Europe

38. A major result of the Age of Exploration was • a long period of peace and prosperity for the nations of Western Europe • extensive migration of people from the Western Hemisphere to Europe and Asia • the end of regional isolation and the beginning of a period of European global domination • the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the Catholic Church

39. Which of these events during the Age of Exploration was a cause of the other three? • Europeans brought food, animals, and ideas from one continent to another • advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible • European diseases had an adverse effect on the native populations of new territories • warfare increased as European nations competed for land and power

40. The Native American population of Mexico in 1492 has been estimated at 25 million; the population in 1608 has been estimated at 1.7 million. This decrease in population was mainly a result of • crop failures brought on by poor weather conditions • emigration of Native Americans to Europe and Africa • wars between various native groups • diseases introduced by the Spanish

41. In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native people led to • a decline in Spanish immigration to the Americas • the removal of most Spanish troops from the Americas • the importation of slaves from Africa • improved health care in the colonies

42. The influence of African culture on some areas of Latin America was largely a result of the • American Revolution • building of the Panama Canal • success of Communist Revolutions • Atlantic slave trade

43. One result of the European conquest of Latin America was that in Latin America • Spanish became the major spoken language • Native American cultures flourished • the Aztec religion spread • many parliamentary democracies were established

44. The printing press, the astrolabe, and the Mercator projection were technological advances that contributed to the • exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial empires • unification of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s • growth of industry in Latin America during the late 1900’s • spread of Islam in the 700’s and 800’s

45. Ottoman Empire (Asia Minor) Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire • Southwest Asia • Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula • North Africa Development of the Ottoman Empire • Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul • Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions • Trade in coffee and ceramics

46. Mughal Empire (North India) Contributions of Mughal rulers • Spread of Islam into India • Art and architecture—Taj Mahal • Arrival of European trading outposts • Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry Trade with European nations • Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing Coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent.

47. Africa Exports • Slaves (triangular trade) • Raw materials Imports • Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas • New food products (corn, peanuts)

48. China • Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade • Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade • Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

49. Japan • Characterized by powerless emperor ruled by military leader (shogun) • Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

50. Both Japan and China decided to limit trade with Europe during much of the 16th and 17th centuries because the Japanese and the Chinese • had few products to sell to the Europeans • held religious beliefs that prohibited contact with foreigners • thought European technology would hinder any effort to modernize • believed they would receive no benefit from increased contact with the Europeans