WIND ENERGY Siraj Ahmed PhD Associate Professor

1. WIND ENERGY Siraj AhmedPhD Associate Professor

2. SOURCES OF WIND • Wind is air in motion. • Is the result of the conversion of the potential energy of the atmosphere into kinetic energy due to pressure differential. • Most prominent feature of climatology in INDIA is the monsoon circulation.

3. Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation

4. Kinetic energy in the wind is about 0.7x1021 J.

5. The fuel is wind when the power is generated by wind • 1% of land area is needed for installation of Wind Turbine

6. Wind Power PT = CP 1/2 AV V2 PT wind power CP power coefficient or efficiency  air density A swept area of wind turbine V wind speed

7. ENERGY EXTRACTION CpMax = 16/27 approximately 59% Betz Criterion

8. Turbine Evolution Used for • Pumping water • Grinding grain Mainly used for • Generating Electricity

9. State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity

10. OFF-SHORE INSTALLATION • Installation in shallow water few kilometers from the seashore. • The key feature for off-shore is high reliability of wind. • In innovative move, turbines are placed on floating platforms and anchored to the sea bottom.

12. WIND POWER PENETRATION • Up to 10% is the short term goal for many countries. • Germany in particular, several power utilities are expecting future wind contribution as high as 30%. • Uncertainty of wind constitutes a challenge to achieve a much higher degree of grid penetration. • Work is on for wind models for predicting the power for next 24 to 48 hours

13. CRITERION • Criterion for identification of a potential site • Sites having wind power density greater than 200 W/m2 at 50 m height

15. Environmental Impact Noise • Mechanical Noise - gear box, generator • Aerodynamic Noise - Swishing sound • Wind farm at 350 m away • noise level - dB(A) 35-45 • Electromagnetic interference • Visual impact • Shadow flicker • Ecology, Loss of Bird Life

16. ECONOMICS • Annual Energy Production • Capital Cost • Annual capital charge rate • Pay back period • Operation & maintenance cost, insurance, land leasing, etc. • Life Cycle Cost Analysis ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION DEPENDS • Speed power curve of wind turbine • Wind speed frequency distribution of site • Availability of wind turbine

17. What is needed? • Allow wind turbine projects on agricultural land where cultivation is not affected. • Further off-shore wind power needs to be assessed and explored.

18. Need of the Hour 1 National Plan A nationwide wind monitoring campaign is to be started at the earliest to have clear picture of wind resource potential of India. Other alternative is to seek advanced methods of assessment by International Agencies for drawing wind atlas of the country

19. WMS of 50 metre height and above in Himalayan region J&K Himachal Pradesh Laddak Thar Desert and Aravalis in particular & other inland areas in general

20. Off-Shore • Higher in Indian context and needs to be quantified with advanced techniques at • Bay of Bengal • Arabian sea • around Andamans and Nicobar Ilands, and • Lakshadeep etc. for wind atlas of the off-shore areas

21. Need of the Hour 2 Off-Shore It needs to be quantified the wind energy potential with advanced techniques at several place around the shore line

22. Need of the Hour 3 National Policy Efforts at national level for indigenous development of commercial wind turbines is to be initiated.

23. Need of the Hour 4 Massive Efforts Training the man power for inland and off- shore wind farms, use of latest softwares and efforts for developing Indian version of wind analysis, simulation and modelling software and wind farm design software.

24. Need of the Hour 5 Education M.Tech. level course on Wind Energy can be started in few Institutes

25. Need of the Hour 6 Re-Powering Replacing older, less efficient wind turbines with a smaller number of more powerful recent models

26. Need of the Hour 7 Targets for Renewable Energy To develop the necessary regulatory frameworks to expand renewables, including financial frameworks, grid access regulation, planning and administrative procedures.

27. Need of the Hour 8 Specific Policy Mechanism The market for generated power needs to be clearly defined in national laws, including stable long term fiscal measures that minimize investor’s risk and ensure an adequate returns on investment.

28. Need of the Hour 9 Electricity Market Reforms Removal of barriers to market entry, removing subsidies to fossil fuels and nuclear and the social and environmental costs of polluting energy

29. Current Research Areas • Integration of WECS with large buildings • Wind power forecasting model, short and long term • Penetration limits in grid • System integration of WE • Lightning protection of blade and tower structure • Testing and reliability of composite materials for blade in different environmental conditions • Numerical & observed wind atlas – modeling, verification & application

30. ….Current Research Areas • Stand alone and non-grid WECS • Wind – Solar conversion systems for different applications • VAWT – aerodynamic studies of various configurations • Offshore – foundation, cable & peculiar issues of marine operation • Human resource development & assessment in fast emerging wind energy sector • Wind farm design and flow modelling

31. Conclusion Wind power is emerging as an environment friendly alternative to meet the ever increasing world demand for electricity, at an affordable price.