1775–1783

1. 1775–1783 CHAPTER 7 REVOLUTIONARIES AT WAR CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “’Tis time to part.” Thomas Paine, Common Sense

3. TIMELINE 1776 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Declaration of Independence British seize New York City Washington crosses the Delaware New Jersey gives women the vote 1777 Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga Washington at Valley Forge 1778 U.S. aligns with France British take Savannah 1779 Sullivan’s campaign against the Iroquois Massachusetts state constitutional convention

4. TIMELINE continued 1780 British take Charleston 1781 Battle at Cowpens, South Carolina Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown Articles of Confederation ratified 1783 Treaty of Paris 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785

5. REVOLUTIONARIES AT WAR Overview • Declaring Independence • “Victory or Death”: Fighting for Survival • Legitimate States, a Respectable Military • The Long Road to Yorktown

6. Britain at War: The Global Context, 1778-1783

7. DECLARING INDEPENDENCE • The Continental Congress Takes Control • “Liberty to Slaves" • The Struggle to Control Boston and Quebec • “Time to Part” • The British Attack New York

8. The Continental Congress Takes Control • May, 1775: Second Continental Congress • New York fortifications • 12 new companies of riflemen • Army Department • Coalition between northern and southern colonies • Green Mountain Boys victory at Ticonderoga in May, 1775 • June, 1775: George Washington appointed commander of continental forces • Washington, a slave owner, a nod to the southern colonies

9. Liberty to Slaves • June, 1775, British commander Gage proposes liberty to slaves for their service in the military • Deportation of Minister David Margate and the hanging of Thomas Jeremiah • Lord Dunsmore of Virginia grants freedom to slaves who fight for the king • Ethiopian Regiment

10. The Struggle to Control Boston and Quebec • June, 1775: Battle of Bunker Hill • Gage routed • July, 1775: Washington in Cambridge petitions Congress for more heavy arms, and whips his troops into shape • November, 1775: Montgomery seizes Montreal. • December, 1775: Montgomery tries to capture Quebec, but fails • March, 1776: Washington captures Dorchester Heights

11. “Time to Part” • January, 1776: Paine’s Common Sense • Summer, 1776: The Committee of Five • Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Livingston, Jefferson • Prepare a formal statement declaring independence • Jefferson draws from Locke: a sovereign power ultimately resides not in government but in the people • July 4, 1776 approval vote for Declaration • John Hancock, signed first with the other signatures following 2 weeks later.

12. The British Attack New York • The British “Southern Plan” fails at Sullivan’s Island. • British to land south of Chesapeake Bay and add to numbers with Loyalist in the South • The British “Northern Plan” • Seize New York and divide the colonies • Hessians hired by Britain • Washington’s troops ill equipped, outnumbered, with no naval support divide their troops between Manhattan and Long Island • August 27, 1776: Battle of Long Island has American troops running to the north

13. “VICTORY OR DEATH”: FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL • A Desperate Gamble Pays Off • Breakdown in British Planning • Saratoga Tips the Balance • Forging an Alliance with France

14. Overview of the Revolutionary War

15. A Desperate Gamble Pays Off • Washington’s Surprise Attacks • Christmas Day, 1776: • Washington crosses the Delaware and takes Trenton, New Jersey • December 30, 1776: • Washington defeats Cornwallis at Princeton

16. Breakdown in British Planning • The Plan: • Burgoyne to march south from Canada to the Hudson Valley with a large force dividing the colonies • British and Indian forces to march east from Lake Ontario to Mohawk River meeting Burgoyne in Albany • Howe to move north from New York • The Breakdown • Howe moves south to Philadelphia without telling Burgoyne

17. Saratoga Tips the Balance • Washington suffers defeat at Brandywine and Germantown, but gains experience for his men, and depletes Howe’s troops • September, 1977: At Freeman’s Farm Americans inflict large damage to British troops • Benedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan • October, 1977: British suffer another defeat at the second battle of Freeman’s Farm • Horatio Gates takes credit for Arnold/Morgan win

18. Forging an Alliance with France • Franklin in France • Elicits money and arms initially • After Saratoga, France and America build alliance • French forego claim to English land in America • Americans promise to defend French holdings in Caribbean • Global conflict with France’s entry into war • Domestic opposition in England • Costs of war • Fear of French power • Desire for American trade • Idealistic beliefs in revolutionary goals

19. LEGITIMATE STATES, A RESPECTABLE MILITARY • The Articles of Confederation • Creating State Constitutions • Tensions in the Military Ranks • Shaping a Diverse Army • The War at Sea

20. The Articles of Confederation • Approved November, 1777 • Each state retains its sovereignty and independence • Congress cannot collect taxes or regulate trade • No separate executive branch • Confederation granted control of western lands • Ratified in 1781

21. Creating State Constitutions • State Constitutions commonality • Less strength in the executive branch: state governors • More strength in the legislature and their responsibility to the constituents • Separation of executive, legislative, and judicial branches

22. Tensions in the Military Ranks • Educated gentry and citizen soldiers • The upper-class struggle to define their participation, if at all • Should buying exemptions be allowed? • How should officers be elected?

23. Shaping a Diverse Army • Friedrich von Steuben • New discipline boosts Army morale • Disparities between pay and treatment of officers and enlisted men • Should women be allowed to serve in the Army? • Deborah Sampson, Mary Hays “Molly Pitcher” • Free black petition to fight

24. The War at Sea • Each state commission small navies • British navy spread thin • John Paul Jones capture of Britain’s Serapis • American privateers

25. THE LONG ROAD TO YORKTOWN • Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts • The Unpredictable War in the South • The Final Campaign • Winning the Peace

26. The Revolutionary War in the North

27. Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts • The expanding white colonies feeds the loyalty of Native Americans to Britain • 1776: Dragging Canoe, responds to illegal purchase of Cherokee land • 1777: Daniel Boone and the settlement at the Kentucky River • 1777: Joseph Brant and Loyalists attack frontier settlements in Pennsylvania and New York • 1779: George Rogers Clark captures Henry Harrison • 1779: John Sullivan raids Iroquois Confederacy • 1780: British recruit Sioux for attack on Spanish-held St. Louis

28. The Revolutionary War in the West

29. The Unpredictable War in the South • Gálvez in Spanish Louisiana drives English from Mississippi River in 1779, seize Mobile in 1780, and Pensacola in 1781 • British in Georgia and Charleston • 1780: Americans defeated at Camden, South Carolina • Benedict Arnold defects • October 1780: Patriots rout British at King’s Mountain, North Carolina

30. The Revolutionary War in the South

31. The Final Campaign • Nathanael Greene • 1781:Using non-traditional methods,Greene overtakes British forces at Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina • Strategy: Fire two rounds and fall back • Battle of Guilford Courthouse March, 1781: Greene again takes heavy toll on British troops • DeGrasse and the French fleet in Chesapeake Bay denies Cornwallis’s relief from the sea, September, 1781 • Victory at Yorktown and the British surrender October 19, 1781

32. Winning the Peace • Diplomacy and negotiations by Franklin, Adams, and Jay • French foreign minister Vergennes opposing American republican principles, hoped to leave English control of their current territory • Franklin negotiates peace with Britain winning independence, troop withdrawal, and fishing rights and granting a “vague” recommendation that Loyalists would be compensated for lost property • The new American borders west to the Mississippi, to Florida in the south, and north to Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River