Semester 1 Review

1. Semester 1 Review

2. Chapter 1: What to Know and Be Able to Do • Unit 1 Covers the Scientific Method and The Properties of Living Things : • Steps of the Scientific Method • Identifying Variables • Creating and Analyzing Graphs • The Properties of Living Things • Know vocabulary words and their definitions • Review the lessons from this unit

3. Chapter 1: Scientific Method • A group of students wants to test if temperature has an influence on the sprouting of seeds. • What are 2 possible hypotheses for this experiment (remember the if…then… format) • What variables should they consider in designing their experiment?

4. Chapter 1: Scientific Method • The students decide to conduct an experiment with 2 groups of 100 carrot seeds in each group. One group of seeds was kept at a temperature of 10° C and the other group was kept at 20 ° C. The results are shown in the table: • What conclusion can the students make?

5. Days of Observation (days) Chapter 1: Scientific Method Which line represents the group of seeds at 10° C? What is missing from the graph?

6. The use of ATP during muscle contraction while running The liver releases glucose into the blood stream to maintain a constant supply of glucose to all cells A child inherits traits from its parents A never before seen color of insect camouflages well in its environment and this color of insect soon becomes more common. A tadpole develops legs and looses its tail A house plant grows towards the light from a nearby window e Growth and development Evolution and Adaptation Interaction with the Environment Reproduction and Inheritance Use of Energy and Matter Homeostasis d f c a b

7. Chapter 2:What to Know and Be Able to Do • Unit 2 covers cell structure and function: • Types of cells and their similarities and differences • Movement of molecules into and out of cells • Classes of Macromolecules and their monomers • Enzyme structure and function • Know vocabulary words and their definitions • Review the lessons from this unit

8. Unit 2: What kind of cell is this? How can you tell? • Prokaryote - small, simple cell • No nucleus, DNA loose in the cytoplasm • No membrane covered organelles

9. Unit 2: What kind of cell is this? How can you tell? • Eukaryotic Animal • Cell • Has a nucleus surrounding the DNA • Has many membrane covered organelles, but no cell wall or organelles associated with plants.

10. Unit 2: What kind of cell is this? How can you tell? • Eukaryotic Plant cell • Cell Wall, Vacuole, Chloroplast

11. Cell Membrane: Cytoskeleton: Ribosome: Mitochondria: Nucleus: Smooth ER: Rough ER: Golgi Apparatus: Lysosome: Controls what can enter and exit the cell Maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, assists with cell movement Site of Protein Synthesis (translation) Site of aerobic cellular respiration Houses the DNA Makes lipids and breaks down harmful chemicals Connects nucleus to the ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis Packages and ships molecules in the cell Breaks down and recycles molecules in the cell

12. Unit 2:Movement of Molecules - Diffusion • DIFFUSION is the movement of molecules from areas where they are ____________ concentrated to areas where they are __________ concentrated. HIGHLY LESS

13. Unit 2: Movement of Molecules - Osmosis • A high concentration of solute makes a solution ______________ compared to the concentration of solutes in the cell • A low concentration of solute makes a solution ______________ compared to the concentration of solute in a cell. HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC • Areas of equal concentration are __________ ISOTONIC

14. Unit 2: Movement of Molecules 1. What would happen to this cell if it was placed in this solution? SHRINKS 2. What would happen to this cell if it was placed in this solution? SWELLS

15. Unit 2: Macromolecules Orange Lugols Iodine Protein Purple Lipids Paper Nucleotides

16. Unit 2: Enzymes (a type of protein) • Organic Catalysts - speed up biological reactions by lowering the activation energy required to start the reaction • Not consumed in the reaction - can be reused over and over again

17. Unit 2: Enzymes (a type of protein) Factors affecting the Rate of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions • Temperature • Competitive Inhibition • Noncompetitive Inhibition • Substrate Concentration • Enzyme Concentration

18. Unit 3:What to Know and Be Able to Do: • Unit 3 covers how cells use energy • Photosynthesis • Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Anaerobic Respiration • Know unit vocabulary words and their definitions • Review Lessons from this Unit

19. Unit 3: Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water ---> Glucose + Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O -----> C6H1206 + 6O2 Photosynthesis uses the energy from ___________ to make __________. SUNLIGHT GLUCOSE

20. Light Reactions • In the grana of the chloroplast • Uses sunlight and water • Makes oxygen, ATP, and NADPH • Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • In the stroma of the chloroplast • Uses ATP, NADPH and Carbon Dioxide • Makes Glucose, recycles NADP+ and ADP

21. Unit 3: Photosynthesis • Carried out by plants and some single-celled organisms, all of which are ____________ • Takes place in the ____________ which contains the green pigment, _____________. • Two part process: • _________ reaction & dark reaction Autotrophs Chloroplast Chlorophyll Light

22. Photosynthesis • 1. What gas is found in the bubbles? Explain? • If, at the start of this experiment we add Bromothymol blue and blow into the test tube, what color would the solution be at the end of the experiment? • What happens if the same setup is left in the dark?

23. Energy in Organic Molecules Glucose is a molecule that can be easily metabolized to release energy. 1. Where is the energy stored in this molecule? A chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose is shown below. 2. What is this reaction and where does it occur in a cell? Oxygen + Glucose ----> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

24. What are the 3 main stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration? • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Takes in NADH and FADH2 from other steps • Makes most of the ATP • Requires Oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells • Glycolysis • Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid • Pyruvic Acid goes to Krebs cycle • Makes NADH which goes to the ETC • Makes some ATP • Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells • Krebs Cycle • Takes pyruvic acid from glycolysis and makes CO2 • Makes NADH and FADH2 which goes to the ETC • Makes some ATP • Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

25. Aerobic Cellular respiration

26. Lactic Acid Fermentation C6H12O6 2ATP + 2 (lactic acid) Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation • In fermentation, glycolysis proceeds normally, as in aerobic conditions, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. • Without oxygen the pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down into either ethanol and CO2 or lactic acid. • NADH is recycled so that fermentation can continue • Alcoholic Fermentation • C6H12O6 2ATP + 2CO2 + 2 Ethanol

27. Glucose solution and yeast are placed in the tube shown on the right at 20°C. The tube is sealed. After several hours gas is formed in the collection tube. 1. What process has occurred to produce this gas? 2. Which produces more energy: cellular respiration or fermentation? Anaerobic RespirationFermentation 3. What gas is produced? 4. What would happen to the volume of the gas produced if the experiment took place at 35°C. Explain. 5. What other material is present in the test tube beside CO2, glucose, yeast, and water?

28. Unit 4: What to Know and Be Able to Do • Unit 4 covers how cells are made and the structure and function of DNA • DNA Function • DNA Structure • DNA Replication • Mitosis and the Cell Cycle • Cancer • Know Unit Vocabulary Words and their Definitions • Review the Lessons from this Unit

29. DNA Structure • Deoxyribose Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogenous Bases • Adenine (A) Guanine (G) • Thyamine (T) Cytosine (C) Double Helix

30. G DNA Structure Identify each structure indicated by the letter A = Nucleotide B = Nitrogen Base C = Deoxyribose Sugar D = Phosphate E = Double Helix F = H bond G = Covalent Bond

31. Complementary Bases • What do T, A, C, G stand for? • Identify the sequence of bases on the bottom sugar-phosphate backbone.

32. DNA Replication • Process by which DNA copies itself • DNA strand unwinds and unzips (H bonds) • Complementary nucleotide bases pair with original DNA bases • Result is 2 exact copies of original DNA strand • Semi-conservative since new copies are half new and half original

33. Binary Fission • Binary fission is the process by which all bacteria reproduce. • Binary fission results in the separation of a single cell into two identical daughter cells • Each containing the same DNA as the parent cell.

34. Binary Fission 1. What type of cell undergoes binary fission? • prokaryote • eukaryote • plant • animal 2. Each resulting cell of binary fission is a _________ of the parent cell. • mistake • clone • spindle • mutation

35. Chromosomes • Consist of DNA coiled around proteins • Each contain thousands of genes • When duplicated they consist of 2 sister chromatids • Chromatids are connected by a centromere

36. Cell Cycle G1: Cell Grows, protein production, cell carries out its function in an organism G0: Non dividing phase S: DNA replication G2: Continued Cell growth and Protein production M: mitosis and cytokinesis • Know each stage and the characteristics of each stage What cells would be likely to be found in the G0 phase?

37. Mitosis: The division of DNA and the nucleus • Prophase • Chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes • Nuclear envelope dissolves • Centrioles migrate towards poles • Spindle fibers form • Metaphase • Chromosomes align on equator of cell

38. Anaphase • Sister Chromatids separate at centromere • Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the poles of the cells by the microtubules • Cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic material into two distinct sets • Telophase • A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of separated sister chromosomes • Both sets of chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin • Mitosis is complete, but cell division is not yet complete.

39. Cytokinesis • Separate process that begins during telophase • Divides the cytoplasm and the rest of the cell after mitosis Plant cells form cell plate between daughter cells Animal cells form cleavage furrow as cytoplasm is divided

40. Cancer & the Cell Cycle • What is cancer? Relate it to the Cell Cycle. • What are some risk factors for cancer? • What are some of the causes of cancer?

41. What to Know and Be Able to Do • Unit 5 covers: • Cause and Traits of Sickle Cell Anemia • Protein Synthesis • Meiosis • Cloning and Stem Cells • Review and Know Unit 5 Vocabulary Words • Review Lessons from Unit 5

42. Results from a change in ____ pair(s) of nucleotides from a persons DNA • This change creates a defective protein called _____________ • This causes a reduced ability for the blood to transport ________, but also causes immunity to _________ Sickle Cell Anemia ONE HEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN MALARIA

43. Transcription DNA code transcribed into _________________ mRNA consists of a triplet code called __________ Occurs in _________ mRNA carries DNA code to ribosome in cytoplasm Protein Synthesis • Translation • mRNA and ribosome translate triplet code into a sequence of ________________ • tRNA triplet code is an ___________ that matches mRNA codon to insure aa’s are in correct sequence • Each tRNA brings a specific aa to mRNA/ribosome complex Messenger RNA (mRNA) Amino Acids (aa) “codons” “anticodon” Nucleus

44. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Contains Deoxyribose sugar Stays in the nucleus Double-stranded helix Composed of Nucleotides Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine DNA vs RNA Nucleotides • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • Contains Ribose sugar • Leaves the nucleus • Single-stranded • Composed of Nucleotides • Adenine • Cytosine • Guanine • Uracil

46. Protein Synthesis Practice VIP Gene DNA Base Sequence ATG-ACA-TCG-TCG-TTC-CTA-TTC-TCG-TAA VIP Gene mRNA Base Sequence (codons) ____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____ tRNA Anticodon Sequence ____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____ Protein (aa) Sequence (use key) ____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____-____ UAC UGU AGC AGC AAG GAU AAG AGC AUU AUG ACA UCG UCG UUC CUA UUC UCG UAA TYR CYS SER SER LYS ASP LYS SER ISO

47. Things to Know for Meiosis Meiosis has eight stages Results in the formation of gametes Gametes or sex cells have half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell (haploid) All other cells in your body, everything but the eggs or sperm, are diploid cells Click here for Meiosis animation Meiosis • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis.html

48. Cloning & Stem Cells • What does it mean to “clone” an organism? • What are stem cells and what are the pros and cons of stem cell research?