休閒運動模式

休閒運動模式 Health protection Health promotion Prevention health service

休閒活動的分類 • Mass media • Sport activities • Social activities • Cultural events • Outdoor activities • Hobbies

深度休閒與閒逸休閒 • Serious leisure Amateur(藝術性的活動、科學性的活動、運動性的活動、表演藝術性的活動 Hobbyist(蒐集者、製造者與修補者、特殊活動參與者、無競爭比賽的參與者、人文活動熱衷參與者) Volunteer(健康、教育、社會福利、休閒、宗教活動、社區教育、政治活動) • Casual leisure 一般放鬆的休閒活動

Mass media • Watching TV • Reading newspapers or magazines • Going to movies

Sport activities • Spectating at sport events • Fitness activities (e.g., jog,swim) • Team sport (e.g., softball, soccer) • Individual sports (e.g., golf, fencing) • Dual sports (e.g., tennis, squash)

Social activities • Visiting friend • Entertaining friend • Attending parties • Social dancing • Indoor game parties

Cultural events • Attending concert,singing, etc. • Attending ballet,opera,dance • Visiting art museums • Folk or square dancing • Attending theater

Outdoor activities • Picnicking • Fishing,hunting • Gardening • Day outing (e.g.,zoo,museums) • Hiking • Boating • Nature study • Camping

Hobbies • Painting/drawing/sketching • Woodwork,furniture refinishing • Collecting(e.g.,stamps,coins) • Needlework,sewing,knitting • Floral arranging,plant care • Waving,pottery,sculpture • Photography,movie-making

生態旅遊願景的三個關懷 生態旅遊具有高度的理想。試圖透過生態資源(Ecological)、經濟利益(Economical)、遊客體驗(Experiencing)的3E平衡發展來達到永續經營的最大整體效益。

陳章波（2001） • 「生態旅遊就是觀摩、研習人類怎樣最恰當的處理人與大地的文化關係，怎樣建構四生（生命、生活、生產、生態）的和諧，而得以永續。大地提供了所有生物的生命所需，人的生活方式、文化的建構」。

運動項目的分類 團體性運動個人性運動接觸性運動非接觸性運動足球籃球手球國術柔道跆拳道排球棒球壘球高爾夫游泳射箭桌球體操太極拳

The person’s beliefs that the behavior leads to certain outcomes and his evaluations of these outcomes Attitude toward the behavior Relative importance of attitudinal and normative considerations Intention Behavior The person’s beliefs that specific individuals or groups think he should or should not perform the behavior and his motivation to comply with the specific referents Subjective norm Factors determining a person’s behavior

Attitude Toward a Behavior Subjective Norm Intention Behavior Perceived Behavior Control Theory of planned behavior Adapted from Ajzen (1991)

Attitude toward the behavior Subjective norm Intention Behavior Perceived Behavioral control

居住工作 休閒環境生活滿意休閒滿意個人特質休閒認知態度期望動機休閒利益選擇參與活動休閒參與體驗工作效率社會背景休閒參與一般模式

Demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnicity, etc.) Sociopyschological variables (personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure, etc.) Structural variables (knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.) Individual perceptions Modifying factors Likelihood of action Perceived benefits of preventive action minus Perceived barriers to preventive action Perceived susceptibility To disease “X” Perceived seriousness (severity)of disease “X” Likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action Perceived threat of disease “X” Cues to action Mass media campaigns Advice from others Reminder postcard from physician or dentist Illness of family member or friend Newspaper or magazine article The health belief model as predictor of preventive health behavior

個人獨特的特徵和經驗 和行為有關的認知與情意反應行為結果對行為利益的認知和行為障礙的認知和當時行為喨爭的需求及喜好行為和過去有關的行為自我效能和行為有的情意反應人際關係的影響 (家庭、同僚、醫療人：常模，支持，模範對行為做承諾和計畫健康促進行為個人因素：生理、心理和社會文化周遭環境的影響：選擇需求特徵美學健康促進模式

HBM (Health Belief Model)(Rosenstock 1960,1966) • 與健康相關的行為源自於四個想法：罹患疾病的潛在機率　個人對該疾病的知覺概念　付出預防行動所可能得到的利益　該行動的負擔 • 其他的影響因素：自我效能；個人信心與勝任能力感(Rosenstock, 1990)

跨理論模式(Transtheoretical model) • stage of behavior change: 1.precontemplation (前思/意圖前期） 2.contemplation (深思/意圖期) 3.preparation (預備期) 4.action (行動期) 5.maintenance (維持期) • 依個人的準備狀態或變化階段來調整介入方法是必要的（Marcus & Owen, 1992)

跨理論模式(Transtheoretical Model, TTM)

在改變階段中所特別強調的方法

自我效能是自我參照想法的重要來源 knowledge self-referent thought Self-efficacy action

成就經歷 行為型態情緒狀態替代性經驗思考型態表現行為效能預期口語的說服情緒反應意像經驗生理狀態效能預期的影響因素與表現之間的關係模式

General • .Demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnicity, etc.) • .Social variables (social class, social support, etc.) • .Structural variables (prior experience with exercise, knowledge about exercise, etc.) • .Physical variables (heath status, physical fitness) Theoretical Models of Exercise Behaviors Predispositions Modifying factors Likelihood of action • Perceived benefits of action • .Improved health • .Improved appearance • .Social benefits • .Prevention of disease • .Feeling good, etc. • minus • Perceived barriers to action • .Cost • .Lack of time • .Pain • .Other people • .Weather, etc. • Perceived control • over exercise • Attitude toward • physical activity • Self-concept • Values • .Health • .Physical appearance • .Physical fitness Readiness to exercise Exercise • Cues to action • .Health problems • .Health education • .Advice from others • .Exposure to those who exercise • .Media Exercise behavior model

External variable Behavioral beliefs and their evaluative aspects Demographic variables Attitudes toward targets Normative beliefs and motivation to comply Personality traits Other individual difference variables Efficacy beliefs Attitude Skills Norm Intention behavior Environmental constraints Self-efficacy

休閒是人類生命現象的本質之一，更是人體不可或缺的另類營養素。休閒是人類生命現象的本質之一，更是人體不可或缺的另類營養素。 • 透由正確的知見，適度規律的運動，以及均衡營養的飲食，達到建康與快樂的人生。認知身心靈運動飲食

休閒運動模式