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Lecture 1

Lecture 1. Basic structure of computer History of computer development. Chapter 1. Basic structure of computer. Computer Systems. Is a system that includes computer as one of its components. Computer Organization.

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Lecture 1

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  1. Lecture 1 • Basic structure of computer • History of computer development

  2. Chapter 1 Basic structure of computer

  3. Computer Systems Is a system that includes computer as one of its components

  4. Computer Organization Towards the operation units and interconnection which realize computer architecture specification

  5. What is a Computer ? Electronic device under the instruction and programming control; and execute four basic operation • input • processing • output • storage

  6. IPOS cycle IPOS : Input, Processing, Output, Storage

  7. Types of Computer • Special purpose computer • Eg: Traffic light controller • General purpose computer • Computer for individual • Computer for organization

  8. Individual Computer • Professional workstation • Desktop computers • Networked computers (NC) • Notebook computers • Subnotebooks • Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)/ • Handheld computers/ Palmtop

  9. Computer for Organization • Supercomputer • Fastest • Most expensive • Mainframe • High speed • More expensive • Process huge amount of data and fast • Support many users • perform server jobs • Minicomputer • Performance and speed lesser than mainframe • Server

  10. Computer Systems • Hardware • Physical component of computer such as mechanical & electronic circuit which can be touched • Software • Program which instructs computer to do something • Consist from bunch of programming, algorithm and instruction set which can’t be touched

  11. Computer Software • System software: • All program related to computer operation coordination • Eg • Operating System- Windows 98, Mac OS, Unix, Linux, MS Dos • Utility programs –file management • compiler, interpreter • Application software • Program that direct computer to do specific task • text processing (Microsoft Word), mathematical operation (Microsoft Excel), database management.

  12. Personal Computer Hardware • Component inside microcomputer system

  13. Digital & Analog System • Digital System • Any system which handle digital signal (discrete) • Analog System • Any system which handle analog signal

  14. 4 Basic Functional Unit of a Computer

  15. 1. Input Unit • Computer receive coded information from input where the function is to read data • Example of input device: keyboard, joystick, trackball, mouse.

  16. 2. Output Unit • Its function is to send processed data to be displayed • Output device example:

  17. 3. Storage Unit • Store program and data in extended period of time • Fix • Reliable • Easy – to find and fetch data swiftly • Compressed storage • Diskettes –500 book pages • Optical Disk –500 books • Economy • Save in term of physical storage cost • Convenient and fast in filing and access data

  18. Storage type • Magnetic disk storage • Optical disk • Magneto-optical • CD-ROM • CD-R • CD-RW • DVD-ROM • Magnetic Tape Storage

  19. Diskette • Low capacity– small file • Portable • Layered with metallic substance • Hard plastic jacket for protection • 3 ½ inch, 1.44 MB

  20. High Capacity Portable Diskette • Large file • Portable • High capacity • 120 / 200 MB • Eg: Superdisk • Zip disk • 250 MB • Not compatible with 3 ½ inch diskette

  21. Hard Disk • Variety of size (Mb,Gb) • Portable characteristic • Generally is not portable • Portable hard disk is also available • Hard scrap layered with metallic material

  22. 4. Processing Unit • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Types of Storage • Program execution • Search data inside memory • System Unit • Microprocessor • Semiconductor memory • Bus line • Speed and power

  23. Unit Pemprosesan Pusat(CPU)

  24. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Change data to information • Control center • One set of electronic circuit which execute stored instruction program • Two parts • Control Unit (CU) • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

  25. Control Unit • Device which responsile to control • Instruct computer system to execute program • Communicate with other parts inside a device

  26. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Perrform mathematical operation Perrform logical operation

  27. Arithmetic Operation + Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division - / *

  28. Logical Operation NOT • Evaluate condition • Compare • Can compare • Numbers • Characters • Specialized character AND OR >= <= > < < > =

  29. Control Unit ALU Register Memory Register Special purpose High speed Temporary storage Inside CPU Instruction register Hold instruction currently being used Output Data register Hold data which waiting to be processed Hold answers from processing outcome

  30. Types of Storage • Secondary • Data which will be used in the end • Long term • Main Memory • Data which will be used in short period of time • Temporary • Access faster that secondary storage • Register • Data which related to opeation being execute • Access faster than main memory

  31. KB – kilobyte 1024 byte diskette Cache memory MB – megabyte million byte RAM GB – gigabyte Billion bytes Hard disk CDs and DVDs TB – terabytes Trillion bytes Large hard disk Measure storage capacity

  32. Memory Primary storage Primary memory Main storage Internal storage Main memory

  33. Types of memory RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read Only Memory

  34. RAM • Need electric energy to store data • Not fix • Data and instruction can be read and altered • User always referred to this type of storage

  35. What inside a RAM? • Operating system • Program that’s running • Data needed by the program • Intermediate answer which wait to be displayed as output

  36. ROM • Fix • Instruction to start computer • Data and instuction can be read but can’t be altered • Mostly, instruction is written in the factory

  37. Execute Program • Control unit (CU) received one instruction and placed in memory • CU decode the instruction • CU inform related device to take action • Control in transferred to related device • Task executed • Control returned to CU

  38. Machine Cycle I-time + E-time Instruction time (I-time) • CU fetch one instruction inside memory and place in one register • CU decode the instruction and determine the memory location for the needed data

  39. Machine Cycle Execution time (E-time) • Execution • CU moved data from memory to register in ALU • ALU is given the control and execute the instruction • Control is returned to control unit • CU store operation answer inside memory or register

  40. System Clock • Clock system produced pulse in a fix rate • Every pulse is one machine cycle • One instruction program actually might be consist of a number of instruction to the CPU • Every CPU instruction will take one pulse • CPU has one instruction set – instructions which it can understand and process

  41. Finding data inside a memory • Each location inside memory have unique address • Address never change • Content might change • Memory location can hold one instruction or one data • Programmer used symbolic names

  42. Data representationOn/Off Binary number system represent circuit condition 1 0 ON OFF

  43. Bit, Byte, Word • BIT • Binary DigIT • On/off circuit • 1 or 0 • BYTE • 8 bit • Store one alphanumeric character • 01001010 = J • WORD • Register size • Number of BIT processed by CPU in one unit • Differ from one computer to another computer (64bit/8 bit)

  44. Coding Scheme • One code to determine which bit group representing which character on keyboard • ASCII • Use one byte (8-bit) • 28 = 256 combination or character • Almost all PC and larger computer • EBCDIC • Use one byte (8-bit) • 28 = 256 combination or character • Used mainly on IBM compatible mainframes • Unicode • Use two bytes 8-bit (16 bits) • 216 = 65,536 combination or character • Support character for all language in the world • Compatible with ASCII

  45. System Unit • Store electronic component • Main board • Storage device • Interconnection • A number of Apple Macintosh have system unit in its monitor

  46. Main Board Microprocessor chip Memory chip Interconnection to other device’s parts Additional chip - mathematical processor System Unit

  47. Storage Device Hard Drive Disk Drive CD-ROM Drive DVD-ROM Drive System Unit

  48. Microprocessor • CPU etched on chip • One chip is ¼ x ¼ inci • Consist of silicon • Consist of million gates • Electric switch that allows electric supply to flow

  49. Microprocesor’s Component • Control Unit - CU • Arithmetic Logic Unit – ALU • Register • System clock

  50. Development of a better microprocessor • Microprocessor computer print circuit on microchip • Cheaper • Faster • Perform other device task • Current mathematical co-processor is part of microprocessor • Current multimedia instruction is part of microprocessor

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