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A. Common objects in our solar system, galaxy and universe

I. Astronomy: The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena. A. Common objects in our solar system, galaxy and universe. 1. Galaxy :

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A. Common objects in our solar system, galaxy and universe

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  1. I. Astronomy: The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena. A. Common objects in our solar system, galaxy and universe

  2. 1. Galaxy: - a large group of stars which are formed from spinning clouds of gas. 2. Elliptical Galaxy: -range from ball-shaped to egg-shaped. Contain mostly old stars *most common type of galaxy. Picture of Milky Way Galaxy

  3. Spiral galaxy: -Disk-shaped Barred-spiral Galaxy: -Like spiral galaxies, but the nucleus is elongated into a bar. Irregular Galaxy: -Galaxy with a non-recognizable shape. Spiral Galaxies

  4. 3. Comet: -Made of snow, dust, ice and gas. Illuminated (lit up) by Sun. 4. Star: -An enormous, spinning ball of hot and luminous gas (our Sun). 5. Meteor: -Made of dust particles and rock fragments. Does not enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Picture of a Comet

  5. 6. Meteoroid: -any of the small bodies, often remnants of comets, traveling through space: it is heated to luminosity and becomes a meteor. 7. Meteorite: -A meteor that survives the atmosphere and hits the Earth’s surface. Picture of meteoroid, or shooting star or meteor showers

  6. Fictional picture of an asteroid hitting the earth, separating Pangaea 8. Asteroid: -A chunk of rock that orbits the sun.

  7. 9. Star Clusters: -Concentrations of approximately ten thousand to one million stars. Picture of gas clouds and star clusters (Milky Way)

  8. 10. Constellations: -88 imagined groupings of bright stars that are named after religious or mythological figures, animals, or objects. Picture of constellations

  9. a. Major constellations 1) Orion 2) Ursa Major (Great Bear) 3) Cygnus 4) Scorpius 5) Cassiopeia

  10. B. Phases of the Moon http://stardate.org/nightsky/moon/ 1. A time when the moon presents a particular recurring appearance. 2. Waxing (crescent/gibbous); Waning (crescent/gibbous); New/Full; First & Third Quarter

  11. C. Eclipses • A temporary or permanent dimming or cutting off of light. • Umbra: A dark area, especially the blackest part of a shadow from which all light is cut off • Penumbra: An outlying surrounding region

  12. D. Tides High Tide Low Tide • The periodic variation in the surface level of the oceans caused by gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. • The moon, being much nearer to the earth than the sun, is the principal cause of tides. • force of gravity decreases with distance two high tides and two low tides occur every day Bay of Fundy

  13. E. Reasons for Seasons 1. The ultimate cause of the seasons is the fact that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to its orbital plane 2. Earth's axial tilt varies between 21.5° and 24.5° (expressed in terms of the planet's orbital plane)

  14. II. Theories on the beginning of the Universe

  15. A. Big Bang: The universe expanded with the explosion of concentrated matter and energy and has been expanding ever since. Cont.

  16. Big Bang Cont. 1. Occurred 15-20 billion years ago. 2. Gravity affected the matter racing outward in all directions. 3. Gravity pulled the matter into clumps, the clumps became galaxies.

  17. Second Theory B. Oscillating Universe: The present expansion will be followed by a concentration, brought on by the force of gravity. Cont.

  18. Oscillating Continued 1. This will happen until the universe goes back to the size of a ball, then it will explode again. 2. This process takes approximately 80 billion years.

  19. Third theory C. Steady State: Theory that states that the universe did not begin with an explosion and will exist at the same size forever. • Rejected by most scientists.

  20. III. Planets in our solar system A. Mercury 1. Diameter: 4,880 km 2. Length of days: 59 3. Moons: 0 4. Rings: No

  21. B. Venus 1. Diameter: 12,104 km 2. Length of day: 243 3. Moons: 0 4. Rings: No

  22. C. Earth 1. Diameter: 12,756 km 2. Length of day: 23 hours, 56 minutes 3. Moons: 1 4. Rings: No

  23. D. Mars 1. Diameter: 6,787 km 2. Length of day: 24 hours 37 min 3. Moons: 2 4. Rings: No Actual Picture of a Martian:

  24. E. Jupiter • 1. Diameter: 142,800 km • 2. Length of day: 9 hours, 55 min. • 3. Moons: 16 • 4. Rings: Yes

  25. F. Saturn 1. Diameter: 120,600 km 2. Length of day: 10 hours, 42 min. 3. Moons: 17 4. Rings: Yes

  26. G. Uranus 1. Diameter: 51,300 km 2. Length of day: 17 hours, 12 minutes 3. Moons: 15 4. Rings: Yes

  27. H. Neptune • 1. Diameter: 49,100 km • 2. Length of day: 16 hours, 6 minutes • 3. Moons: 8 • 4. Rings: Yes

  28. I. Pluto 1. Diameter: 3,000 km 2. Length of day: 6 hours, 9 min 3. Moons: 1 4. Rings: No

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