The History of American Education

1. 7 The History of American Education

2. EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE 6.1

3. EDUCATIONAL TIME LINE (continued) 6.2

4. 7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS Middle/High Schools (1950s-Present) Junior High Schools (1909-Present) High Schools (1800s-Present) Common Schools (1830-Present) Academies (1700s-1800s) English Grammar Schools (1700s) Private Schools (1700s-1800s) Itinerant Schools (1700s) Latin Grammar Schools (1600s-1700s) Tutors(1600-1900) Local Schools(1600s-1800s) Dame Schools(1600) 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

5. 7.2 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES 1600sInformal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors 1635Boston Latin Grammar School 1636Harvard College 1647Old Deluder Satan Law 1687-1890New England Primer published 1700sDevelopment of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education 1740South Carolina denies education to blacks 1751Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia 1783Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book 1785, 1787Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

6. 7.3 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 1800sIncreasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation 1821Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls 1821First public high school opens in Boston 1823First (private) normal school opens in Vermont 1827Massachusetts requires public high schools 1837Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts 1839First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts 1855First kindergarten (German language) in United States 1862Morrill Land Grant College Act 1874Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools) 1896Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

7. 7.4 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued) 1900sIncreasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs 1909First junior high school in Berkeley, California 1917 Smith-Hughes Act 1919Progressive education programs 1932New Deal education programs 1944G.I. Bill of Rights 1954Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools 1957Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds 1958National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs 1964-1965Job Corps and Head Start are funded Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

8. 7.5 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES 1964-1965Job Corps and Head Start are funded 1965 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) 1968 BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT 1972Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools 1975, 1991Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed 1979Cabinet-level Department of Education is established 2001No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

9. Cultural Issues in Education

10. THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ON COMPUTER USE 6.7 Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (Issued March 2009). Figure 6.2

11. DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION 7.6 Student Generated Responses

12. THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. SCHOOL 7.7 Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

13. U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS 7.10 Source: The Hispanic Population in the United States, U.S Census Bureau, June 2008. Figure 7.1

14. ARAB AMERICANS BY ANCESTRY 7.11 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation (www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4,pdf), issued July 2007. Figure 7.2

15. Race and Ethnicity Issues Panethnic Membership: based on national origin from a large geographic region that includes numerous countries(Hispanic, Asians, Arabs) Race and Ethnicity(linked but not same) Both influence one’s cultural identity and status in society

16. Race and Ethnicity Racebased on physical characteristics White is the norm against which persons of color are classified as other. Most whites unable to see privileges Silence contributes to a racist society

17. Race and Ethnicity Ethnicitybased on national origin Ethnic group members share a common history, language, traditions and experiences in U.S. Strong Ethnicity: when members interact and live together Strengthened when members organize to advance the rights of the group

18. Ethnic Diversity • Most oppressed groups in U.S. • indigenous peoples • groups whose ancestors entered involuntarily

19. Ethnic Diversity Native American Indian 2000-U.S. government admitted to near genocide of native peoples apologizing for “legacy of racism and inhumanity that included massacres, forced relocations of tribes, and attempts to wipe out Indian languages and cultures” (Read Alice Walker’s account of Indian schools)

20. Ethnic Diversity African Americans Not treated as full humans until well into the 19th century Not until the late 20th century did Africans choose to immigrate to the U.S. Mexican Americans Inhabitants of annexed land from Spanish-American War; did not immigrate Today they can’t enter the country

21. Language Issues English is NOT the native language for 47 million Americans. Spanish, Italian and Sign language are most common Children learn native language by age 5 Many immigrant children did not attend school in native country Takes 3-7 years to learn English (View ppt on ESOL Current Issues)

22. Gender Issues Males and Females in School Girls expected to be quiet, follow the rules, and help the teacher. Boys are rowdier and less attentive What are gender bias issues you have observed or experienced in school? Watch videos on single-sex classrooms/schools.

23. Gender Issues Title IX Legislation that addresses civil rights of girls and women in education Requires federally funded colleges and schools to provide equal educational opportunity to girls Controversial part-girls participating in athletics (read three-part rule, page. 62)

24. Sexual Orientation Issues Sexual orientation is established early in life. It is not learned in adolescence. Majority of gay adults report feeling different from other children before they entered kindergarten. Estimated 10% of population is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender

25. Sexual Orientation Issues Gays and Lesbians Face discrimination in housing, employment and many social institutions Victims of homophobia (expressed in harassment and violence) that is tolerated in many areas Experience isolation and loneliness 70% fear for safety in schools (They feel safer in schools with supportive staff, portrayals in curriculum, and clubs)

26. Exceptionalities Issues Disability: a long-standing physical, mental, or emotional condition that make it difficult for a person to perform activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, learning, or remembering. Inclusion: integration of all students, regardless of their background or abilities, in all aspects of the educational process Watch commercial from Glee Read page 66 and respond to questions.