Boundary 4 (1750-1914)

1. Boundary 4 (1750-1914) • Europeans dominate long-distance trade throughout the world • The Industrial Revolution gives huge economic and political advantages and creates a dichotomy based on economics • Inequality increases due to imperialism • Political revolutions are inspired by democracy and a desire for independence

2. The I.R. altered communication and contact. The Suez and Panama canals are built • Migration to the Americas from Europe and Asia • Serf and slave systems became less common • Italy and Germany become nations • The West (Europe, U.S. and Australia) dominate the world

3. The Industrial Revolution • Began in England in the late 18th century. • Substituted hand labor with machine labor and was helped by the following factors: • 1. The Agricultural Revolution: the enclosure movement fenced off private land and farmers began crop rotation. Jethro Tull’s seed drill planted seeds more effectively. Less farmers needed, so population moves to the city. (end of b.3)

4. 2. Technological Revolution: inventions of mass production, mechanization, and interchangeable parts speed up human nature. • 3. Natural Resources: large, accessible supplies of coal and iron • 4. Economic Strength: solid middle class that had experience with trading and manufacturing. Banks and loans were available • 5. Political stability: No wars on British soil, and the government was not seriously questioned. By 1750, the Parliament’s power exceeded the kings.

5. New Inventions • The flying shuttle (John Kay) • The spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) • The water frame (Richard Arkwright) • The spinning mule (Samuel Crompton) • The power loom (Samuel Crompton)

6. Transportation Improvements • Steam Engine (James Watt) 1790’s • Railroad engine connected the British • 1. Manufacturers had a cheap way to transport materials and finished products • 2. New jobs for rr workers and miners • 3. New industries and inventions and increased productivity • 4. Transported people for work and leisure

7. The IR Spreads • By 1800’s it had spread to the rest of Europe, the United States, Russia, and Japan • British entrepreneurs and gov. officials forbade the export of machinery and technology • Industry developed in the U.S. in the 1820’s b/c of labor shortages. Then slowed due to the Civil War. During the 1870’s there was a lot of expansion to the West. • In the late 1800’s industry spread to Russia and Japan at the hands of the government. (By 1900 Russia can reach both sides of it’s vast country, and Japan is the most industrialized nation in Asia.

8. Patterns of World Trade • Industrialization increased the economic, military, and political strength of the societies that embraced it. • Countries with government support did the best in industrializing. • An international division of labor resulted: people in industrialized countries produced manufactured products, and people in less industrialized countries produced manufactured products, and people in less industrialized countries produced the materials necessary for that production. • Many countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and SE Asia became highly dependent on one cash crop such as sugar, cotton, and rubber. This earned L.A. countries the nickname “Banana Republics.”

9. The division of labor in countries increased the use of raw materials, manufacture goods, and the volume world trade

10. End of the Slave Trade • The American and French revolutions spurred a strong abolitionist movement. • Olaudah Equiano: a west African recounted his experience as a slave taken from Africa to the New World • In the Caribbean, a revolution, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture resulted in the liberation of slaves in Haiti and the creation of the first black state in the Americas. • Manufacturers started looking at Africa as a place for raw materials.

11. Slave trade had been abolished by 1820 in Britain, the U.S., France, the Netherlands, and in 1847 Spain. • Britain pressured the government to send patrol ships to the west coast of Africa to search and seize violating ships. • The British abolished slavery in 1833, France in 1848, and the U.S. in 1865. • The last country to abolish slavery in the Americas was Brazil.

12. Immigration to the Americas • European and Asian immigrants traveled to North America and Canada to work in factories, railroad construction sites, and plantations. • Migrants to Latin America went to work on agricultural plantations. • Birth rates will decline in industrialized nations. Children are no longer as useful in industry/farming and supporting a large family is hard in an industrialized society.

13. Environmental Changes • Deforestation is a problem as farmers clear forests and soil becomes depleted. • Large cities will grow in industrialized countries.

14. Working Conditions • Most industrial jobs were boring, repetitious, and required long days with few breaks.

15. Family Life • People now left their homes for work and did not return home until late in the day. • Husband and wife worked away from home as did older children. • In early industrialization women held jobs as domestic servants. • Industrialists encouraged women to bring their children to work so that they could work also.

16. Changes in Social Classes • Wealth was increasingly based on money and success in business enterprises, although the status of inherited titles of nobility based on land ownership remained in place. • Most members of the middle class were not wealthy, but had comfortable lifestyles and higher social status than factory workers.

17. The urban poor were at the mercy of the business cycles (the swings between hard times and times of growth) • Unemployment was difficult and recurrent unemployment could lead to drunkenness and fighting. • The middle class will push for sobriety thrift, industriousness, and responsibility. • Social Darwinism develops where Spencer argues that human society operates by a system of natural selection, whereby individuals and ways of life automatically gravitate to their proper station.

18. Forces for Political Change • The Enlightenment: more humanistic approach to the creation of a better government. John Locke wrote of a social contract. Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau spread new ideas to France where the king and queen epitomized absolutism. • The Bourgeoisie: commercialization of the economy meant the growth of the middle class is size and wealth.

19. Revolutions • The American Revolution: American colonists resented Britain’s attempt to raise taxes and to tell them where they could live. • The French Revolution: The French people (97%) of the population held little of the land (5%) and paid 100% of the taxes. They called for a National Assembly and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. • Reaction to the F.R.: conservative Napoleon Bonaparte promised stability and conquest. He was defeated at Vienna in 1815 and the Congress of Vienna (Britain, Austria, and Russia) sought to restore the balance of power-monarchies restored and France kept in check.

20. Hatian Revolution: Rebellion in 1791 b/c the slaves wanted equal rights and carried out a successful insurrection. It was declared free in 1804.

21. Revolutions in Latin America • Brazil: Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil when Napoleon stormed Portugal. He instituted reforms, etc. but returned to Portugal in 1821. His son Pedro declared Brazil’s independence and established a constitutional monarchy. • Mexico: Hidalgo led a rebellion that led to independence in 1821. Zapata and Villa worked for equality in 1910.

22. Spanish South America: the “junta” were local governments who wanted to overthrow the colonial power. The two centers of junta power were in Venezuela (Caracas-Simon de Bolivar) and Argentina (Buenos Aires-Jose de San Martin) • Chart on page 140 compares constitutional experiements in North and South America.

23. Ideological Consequences of Revolutions • Conservatism: wanted a return to absolute monarchy, but came to accept constitutional monarchy • Liberalism: supported republican democracy, or a government with an elected legislature who represented the people in political decision-making. Supported liberty more than equality • Radicalism: advocated drastic changes in government that supported equality more than liberty.

24. Reform Movements • Women’s Rights: especially strong in North America, Britain, and France. • Conservative Reactions to Reform: scientific racism and social darwinism • Maxism: Karl Marx believed that conditions in capitalist countries would eventually become so bad that the workers would join together to overcome the bourgeoisie.

25. Nationalism • A feeling of identity within a common group of people • Especially connected to the rise of western dominance between 1750 and 1914 that created a world of “have nots” and “haves”

26. New European Nations • Italy and Germany • Spurred more competition between European nations

27. Eurasian Empires • Russian Empire: Catherine the Great built upon Peter the Great’s rule. She was closely connected to the West and Enlightenment ideals. Russians were defeated in the Crimean War (against the Ottomans) and Tsar Alexander II emphasized industrialization by emancipating the serfs.

28. The Ottoman Empire (The Sick Man of Europe) • Problems with economics (tax farmin was corrupt) • Problems with the Janissaries: operated separately from the sultan’s court and were brutal and corrupt • Revolts in the Balkans and Greece b/c of ethnic nationalism

29. Types of Imperialism • Colonial Imperialism: virtual complete takeover of an area, with domination in all areas: economic, political, and socio-cultural. • Economic Imperialism: allowed an area to operate as its own nation, but the imperialist nation almost completely controlled its trade and other business (China) • Political Imperialism: country may have had its own government with natives in top political positions, it operated as the imperialist country told it to do. (late Qing China) • Socio-cultural Imperialism: dominating country deliberately tried to change customs, religions, and languages in these countries. (British India)

30. Imperialism in Africa • Muhammad Ali and his grandson Ismail led Egypt to be the strongest Muslim state of the 19th century, rich from cotton export, but this market collapsed. • Starting in the 1850’s Europeans began exploring the interior of Africa and by 1914 there were only 2 free countries. • Belgium established Belgian Congo and this set off the Scramble for Africa where Britain, France, Germany, and Italy competed with Belgium for land in Africa. • The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 allowed European diplomats to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies.

31. Imperialism in India • The Mughal emperor, in a declining state, made agreements with the British East India Company that took advantage of the collapsing state. • The British “Raj” (1818-1857): The BEIC was in a strange position because depended on the people of India to support them, and they abided by Indian customs and rules but administered governmental affairs and initiated social reforms that reflected British values. • In 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion caused the British government to intervene on behalf of the BEIC.

32. British officials began pouring into India and controlled its trade b/c it was important for trade with China (opium.) The British worked on the infrastructure in India. • Industrialization created a middle class of Indian officials in the late 1800’s. These officials could travel to England for higher education and began to use those values in their situation. Rammouhan Roy advocated unity for Indians. • The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 and had goals of promoting political unity and appointing more Indians to higher positions. This was controlled by Hindus. • The All-India Muslim League was a nationalistic group established in 1906 for Muslims. • By 1914 both these groups were demanding Indian independence from the British.

33. Imperialism in China • Problems in the Qing Dynasty began in the early 1800’s b/c of its inability to defend and challenge borders, and lack of communication. The Manchu (rulers of the Qing Dynasty) were increasingly corrupt. • In 1759 Emperor Qianlong restricted European trade and was closely supervised. • The British found that the Chinese were interested in buying opium, and by the time the time the government tried to intervene the people were already addicted.

34. The Opium Wars forced a series of unequal treaties. • The Treaty of Nanjing: The Chinese agreed to allow the trade of opium and open other ports to exclusive trade with Britain. It also gave the British control over Korea, Vietnam, Burma, and Hong Kong. • The Qing Dynasty was also significantly weakened by the Taiping Rebellion where unhappy farmers captured the city of Nanjing as their capital and came close to toppling the government in Beijing. They needed help from the Europeans to end this civil war.

35. In the 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese nationalism was more apparent when they expressed their purpose to recover “China for the Chinese.”