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1750-1900 Thematic Review

1750-1900 Thematic Review . Human/ Enviroment Interaction. Industrial Revolution & Resources. Cotton. Cotton. Cotton. Palm Oil. Rubber. Rubber. Rubber. Gold & Diamonds. Gold. Meat. Demography 1750-1914: Global. Demography 1750-1914: Europe. Tremendous population growth

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1750-1900 Thematic Review

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  1. 1750-1900 Thematic Review

  2. Human/Enviroment Interaction

  3. Industrial Revolution & Resources Cotton Cotton Cotton Palm Oil Rubber Rubber Rubber Gold & Diamonds Gold Meat

  4. Demography 1750-1914: Global

  5. Demography 1750-1914: Europe • Tremendous population growth • Improvements in food supply • Application of science & technology • Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock • Refrigeration • Industrial transportation eliminates famine • Steamboat • Creates a greater need for new energy sources • Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum

  6. Demography 1750-1914: Europe • Demographic transition • High to low mortality • High to low fertility • Rapid urbanization • Suburbanization • Decline in urban mortality • Urban sanitation • Germ theory of disease

  7. European Migration from 1750 • 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

  8. African Slave Trade after 1750 • Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

  9. Demography 1750-1914: Asia • Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 • Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism • Asia’s population nearly doubled • China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million • India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

  10. Asian labor migration after 1750 Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

  11. Culture

  12. 1750-1914 • Agricultural Revolution lead to improvements in farming such as the seed drill and crop rotation. • World trade patterns led to colonization of countries and their total domination created a definite gap in the haves and have nots. • Christianity spread through colonization. • Industrial Revolution altered world culture with concept of time, and continued need for raw materials and imperialism. Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

  13. Panama Canal Suez Canal From space

  14. Politics

  15. 1750-1914: European Hegemony! The Balance of Power shifted after centuries of domination from Asia! Absolutism vs. Enlightenment New Economic and Social Ideas=Democracy

  16. 1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe, Muslim Empires and China were absolutist. They held on to their power claiming Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of Heaven (China) What Changed and Why?

  17. Forces for Political Change Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a king or noble to a nation Britain and the Netherlands both had constitutional monarchies Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and the demands for political change by the end of the 19th c.

  18. The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reason led to serious questioning of absolutist govts. This was influenced by previous eras such as Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Rev. The idea that people COULD figure things out and come up with better governments.

  19. John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the right to overthrow the government if it was bad. French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau spread the new ideas to France which was the picture of absolutism. New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no power. These self-made men were literate and supported the ideas of the Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power to go with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get all the power?

  20. REVOLUTIONS American French Haitian Latin American

  21. American Revolution: • New political thought • Upset with new taxes and • trade controls • Restrictions on moving west • Declaration of Independence • Constitution based on • Enlightenment principles, but • limited the right to vote and • kept slavery

  22. The French Revolution • Ancien Regime • Absolutist power for the king • Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisie • take control and declare the National Assembly • Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the • Citizen • Radical stage with Jacobins • called the Reign of Terror • Napoleon seized the govt.

  23. What are the three estates?

  24. Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.

  25. Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels. Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerilla tactics used by the Haitians. L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804 Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; the French had to have money to finance the fighting.

  26. South America led by Creole elites such as: Simon Bolivar in the north and in the south Jose de San Martin (1821) Brazil 1822 Latin American Revolutions Mexico 1821 Father Miguel Hidalgo Benito Juarez modeled the constitution after the US, but after his death a series of dictators.

  27. Results of Revolutions • Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspire • Revolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality, • and justice • Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved • of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy • Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislature • and freedom from oppression more than equality • Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasized • equality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich • and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists

  28. Abolition of slave trade then slavery Political Reforms Universal education Male suffrage Labor laws especially child labor Women’s rights especially suffrage

  29. Other political reforms • Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less • intelligent and deserve their status; rich people are • hard working and smart and deserve their status • Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx and • Engels said there would be a rev of the • Proletariat • Nationalism: new political concept of the nation; a • feeling of identity among common groups of people

  30. Otto von Bismarck Second Reich Germany Declared the beginning of the German Empire First was HRE Unification Movements Led to more competition among states. Created more nationalist movements. Italy Count Cavour in the north; occupied by Austria Garibaldi in the south; occupied by Spain

  31. The COMPLETE takeover of an area with domination economically, politically, and socio-culturally Imperialism

  32. Berlin Conference 1884-5

  33. Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857

  34. http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.

  35. Opium Wars 1839-1842 • Qing Dynasty • Treaty of Nanjing • Spheres of Influence • Taiping Rebellion • 1850-1864 • Boxer Rebellion • 1900

  36. MEIJI RESTORATION

  37. Economics

  38. The Modern Era1750-1914

  39. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Favorable natural resources • Population Pressure • Abundance of labor • Growth of large manufacturing sector • Cottage industry (putting-out system) • Advantages in world trade • Technological innovation • Government support of business

  40. Industrial Technology • Cottage Industry (putting-out system) • Mechanization of weaving • Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin • Iron smelting • Bessemer steel process • Energy • Steam engine and electricity • Transportation • Canals, steamboat, railroads

  41. Economic Effects of Industrialization • Labor changes • Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome • Initially women & children work in factories • Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class • High unemployment rates • Labor unions were formed to protect workers • Rise of consumer culture • Standard of living increases • Frequent economic depressions

  42. Economic Effects of Industrialization • New economic theories • Capitalism • Direct attack on mercantilism • Positivism • Socialism • The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Communism

  43. Global Industrialization • Industrialization turned nations into either manufacturers of consumer goods or suppliers of raw materials • Manufacturers: Western Europe, the United States, Japan, Russia(?) • Suppliers: the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, India Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia

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