1. SONET Alarms By Sadhish Prabhu

2. SONET frame structure The SONET frame structure has been designed to contain a large amount of overhead information.

3. Functions of overhead It provides a variety of management and other functions: • Error performance monitoring • pointer adjustment information • path status • path trace • section trace • remote defect, error, and failure indications • signal labels • new data flag indications • data communications channels (DCC) • automatic protection switching (APS) control • Orderwire and • synchronization status message

4. SONET alarms SONET alarms are defined as follows Anomaly: • This is the smallest discrepancy that can be observed between the actual and desired characteristics of an item. • The occurrence of a single anomaly does not constitute an interruption in the ability to perform a required function.

5. SONET alarms SONET alarms are defined as follows Defect: • The density of anomalies has reached a level where the ability to perform a required function has been interrupted. • Defects are used as input for performance monitoring, the control of consequent actions, and the determination of fault cause.

6. SONET alarms SONET alarms are defined as follows Failure : • This is the inability of a function to perform a required action persisted beyond the maximum time allocated.

7. Various SONET Alarms

8. Various SONET Alarms

9. Various SONET Alarms

10. Various SONET Alarms

11. Various SONET Alarms

12. Various SONET Alarms