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The Fragile Politics of Peace

The Fragile Politics of Peace. Unit 9. Main Topics. Cold War Détente Post Cold War Europe Non-Cold War Europe. Cold War. Struggle between West and Communism 1945-1991. Soviet-American Relations. 1945-71 — Cold War Stalin pursued hard line Korea Khrushchev pursued softer line

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The Fragile Politics of Peace

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  1. The Fragile Politics of Peace Unit 9

  2. Main Topics • Cold War • Détente • Post Cold War Europe • Non-Cold War Europe

  3. Cold War Struggle between West and Communism 1945-1991

  4. Soviet-American Relations • 1945-71—Cold War • Stalin pursued hard line • Korea • Khrushchev pursued softer line • Vietnam • Missiles in Cuba

  5. Soviet-American Relations

  6. Soviet-American Relations • 1972-1991—Detente • Détente=relaxation • During 1980s Gorbachev began major liberalization of economics

  7. Soviet Union • 1953—Stalin’s death led to bitter struggle for power • Secret Speech • Nikita Khrushchev • Report to 20th Party Congress • February 25 1956 • Maintained support for Communist ideals • Criticized Stalin’s actions • Purges • Terror against citizens • Stalin's personality cult 1945-71

  8. Yugoslavia • 1943-1991—Marshal Tito • Defied Stalin, pursuing nationalist policies • Stalin tried to bring Tito under Soviet domination • Western nations offered aid • Allowed Tito to remain independent 1945-71

  9. Germany • Nazi war crimes trials in Nuremberg (1945-1946) • Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949) • West Germany (German Federal Republic) created (1949) • East Germany (German Democratic Republic) created (1949) 1945-71

  10. Divided Germany • Divided Berlin

  11. Germany Berlin Wall Seals Iron Curtain • August 13, 1961—East German border guard escapes to the West • Berlin Wall built (1961) • June 26, 1963—Kennedy visited the wall • Relations normalized between the two Germanies (1972) 1945-71

  12. Eastern Europe—1956 • Poland (October) • Polish people engaged in strikes and riots • Władysław Gomułka pledged a measure of loyalty to Russia • Hungary (23 October 23-November 10) • Like Poland, people revolted and Imre Nagy pushed for some independence from Russia • Soviets could not allow more anti-Soviet moves • 1,000s of Hungarians killed as government smashed by Soviets 1945-71

  13. Eastern Europe—1968 • Czechoslovakia • Alexander Dubcek began liberalization, assuring Soviets of loyalty • Warsaw Pact troops, led by Soviets, brought Czechoslovakia back under total Soviet control 1945-71

  14. Economic Aspects • Aid • Truman Doct. to Greece & Turkey • Marshall Plan to all of Europe, especially Eastern Europe • COMECON—Communist response to Marshall Plan • Eisenhower Doct. to Middle East • Peace Corps idealistic volunteers to underdeveloped countries 1945-71

  15. Economic Aspects • European Economic Unity • European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1952) • European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (1957) • European Economic Community (EEC/Common Market) (1957) • European Community (EC) (1986) • European Union (EU) (1992) 1945-71

  16. Military Aspects • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1948) • Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (ANZUS) (1951) • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (1954) 1945-71

  17. China • China and Russia became hostile over: • Ideological differences • Border disputes • World Communist leadership • 1976—At Mao's death, a thaw • 1989—After Soviets left Afghanistan, a normalization 1945-71

  18. Detente 1972-1991

  19. Germanies • 1970—Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik • Greater harmony with GDR & Poland • 1972—More open relations with GDR, allowing more travel 1972-91

  20. Détente—1972 & 73 • 1972 • Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow for summit • Two SALT Accords • Limited nuclear weaponry • 1973 • Brezhnev visited US • Traveled across country, appearing on TV • Signed accords with Nixon 1972-91

  21. Détente—1974-75 • 1974—Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow and Yalta • Signed economic and nuclear treaties • Ford visited Brezhnev in Vladivostok • Discussed arms control • Helsinki Pact • US, Canada, and Europe • Honored post WWII boundaries • Agreed to further human rights 1972-91

  22. Détente—1979 • SALT II Accord • Carter met Brezhnev • Further limited nuclear weapons 1972-91

  23. Europe 1980-88

  24. Yugoslavia • In 1980, Tito died, leaving power vacuum • Albanians in province of Kosovo wanted independence • Serbs and Montenegrins demonstrated for protection from the separatists 1980-88

  25. Poland • 1979—Pope John Paul II visited Warsaw • Polish TV would only show altar • John Paul’s visit helped produce, 14 months later, Solidarity movement • Illegal strikes in Gdansk inspired by Solidarity • Led by Lech Walesa • Popular movement, achieved some goals 1980-88

  26. Poland • Lech Walesa • "The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of communism. Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. He simply said: ‘Don't be afraid, change the image of this land.’" • Timothy Garton Ash(Oxford historian) • "Without the Pope, no Solidarity. Without Solidarity, no Gorbachev. Without Gorbachev, no fall of Communism." • Gorbachev(USSR Party Secretary, 1985-1991) • “It (fall of Communism) would have been impossible without the Pope.” 1980-88

  27. Poland • 1981—Martial law imposed and Walesa arrested • 1982—With increased pressure and economic decline, Walesa released • 1981, Time Man of the Year • 1983, Nobel Peace Prize 1980-88

  28. Soviet Union • In 1985 Gorbachev came to power • “We can't go on living like this.” March 10,1985 • Glasnost (openness) • Perestroika (restructuring) • Chaos from: • Mixed comm./cap. economy • Loss in Afghanistan (1979-89) • Challenged politically by Yeltsin • 1988—Fired him as chief of Moscow's Communist Party 1980-88

  29. Soviet Union • 1987—Reagan visited Berlin • “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” • 1988—Gorbachev announced withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe Get audio or video 1980-88

  30. End of Cold War 1989

  31. Poland • Formed coalition government including Solidarity members and Communists 1989

  32. Soviet Union • Lithuania declared independence • Secessionist movements began in: • Latvia • Estonia • The Ukraine 1989

  33. Hungary • June—Reburied Imre Nagy • July—Supreme Court acquitted Nagy of high treason for which he had been executed • August—Tore down fence separating it from Austria • Let 1,000s of refugees from East Germany into Hungary • Refugees then fled into Austria • October—Changed from People's Republic into Republic of Hungary 1989

  34. East Germany • 1989—Refugees poured into W Germany: • 225,000 from East Germany • 300,000 from Russia and Poland • October 18—Communist East German govt. fell • Midnight, November 9/10— New government opened border with West Germany 1989

  35. Get video Rumania • Shortages and economic collapse • Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife continued their lifestyle and use of secret police • December—bloody demonstrations • Eventually Ceausescu's caught, tried, and shot 1989

  36. Czechoslovakia • Prague government tried to control demonstrations • Charter 77 created • Communist government collapsed • Vaclav Havel was elected president, beginning democratization 1989

  37. Bulgaria & Yugoslavia • December—Announced democratic reforms 1989

  38. End of Cold War 1990

  39. Yugoslavia • Communists voted to end 1-party system • Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo rioted • Slobodan Milosevic elected Serbian president • Slovenia voted for independence 1990

  40. Russia • Gorbachev was jeered in Red Square on May Day • May—Yeltsin elected Russian president • Defeated Gorbachev's candidate 1990

  41. Germany • On October 3 Germany reunited • Took on government and trappings of West Germany East German pollution 1990

  42. GERMANY: 1914-1990

  43. Poland • On December 9 Lech Walesa elected president • 75% of vote • Catholic support 1990

  44. Hungary • New coalition government formed 1990

  45. Romania • First free elections in 53 years 1990

  46. End of Cold War 1991

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