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Sustainable Native Energy Systems

Sustainable Native Energy Systems. P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department. An Art of Developing Energy Republic Villages…. Gram Swaraj : A pivotal concept in Mahatama Gandhi's thinking.

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Sustainable Native Energy Systems

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  1. Sustainable Native Energy Systems P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department An Art of Developing Energy Republic Villages…

  2. Gram Swaraj : A pivotal concept in Mahatama Gandhi's thinking • The fundamental concept of Gram swaraj is that every village should be its own republic, • "independent of its neighbours for its own vital wants and yet interdependent for many others in which dependence is necessary," according to Gandhi, writing in 1942. • Each village should be basically self-reliant, making provision for all necessities of life - food, clothing, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and so on …. Native Energy Systems are the Requirement of Gram Swaraj……

  3. Native Energy Resources

  4. Mimicking of Autotrophs : An Artificial Route Solar Photo-voltaic Energy Systems Solar Thermal Energy Systems

  5. PV Cells : Mechanism of Generation Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which an electron gets ejected from the conduction band as a consequence of the absorption of sunlight of a certain wavelength by the matter.

  6. Mechanism of Generation – Step 1 In a photovoltaic cell, when sunlight strikes its surface, some portion of the solar energy is absorbed in the semiconductor material.

  7. Mechanism of Generation – Step 2 If absorbed energy is greater than the band gap energy of the semiconductor, the electron from valence band jumps to the conduction band. By this, pairs of hole-electrons are created in the illuminated region of the semiconductor.

  8. Mechanism of Generation – Step 3 The electrons thus created in the conduction band are now free to move. These free electrons are forced to move in a particular direction by the action of electric field present in the PV cells.

  9. Mechanism of Generation – Step 4 These flowing electrons constitutes current and can be drawn for external use by connecting a metal plate on top and bottom of PV cell. This current and the voltage (created because of its built-in electric fields) produces required power.

  10. Double Diode Model for PV Cell

  11. Isothermal Performance of A Solar cell I-V Curve Depend on cell-size (A) 5.55A Depend onSolar insolation Standard insolation 1.0 kWh/m2 4.95A Depend ontype of cell or cell-material( Si = 0.5V ) Current(I) Voltage(V) 0.62 V 0.49 V

  12. Isothermal Performance of A Solar cell: Maximu Power Point A V P (A) • “Power conditioner” (mentioned later) will adjusts to be most suitable voltage and current automatically. P1 N I/V curve Ipmax I x V = W Power curve Current(I) P2 (V) Voltage(V) Vpmax PMAX

  13. SOLAR PVMODULE

  14. Various type of PV cell Single crystal Poly crystalline Formed by melting high purity silicon like as Integrated Circuit For mass production, cell is sliced from roughly crystallized ingot.

  15. Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell Electric Energy Output x Conversion Efficiency = 100% Energy of Insolation on cell Conversion Efficiency of Module 10 - 17% Single crystal Crystalline 10 - 13% Poly crystalline Silicon Semiconductor 7 - 10% Non-crystalline Amorphous Solar Cell Compound Semiconductor 18 - 30% Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) 7 - 8% Dye-sensitized Type Organic Semiconductor Organic Thin Layer Type 2 - 3%

  16. On-site Performance of PV Panels Cell Temperature C

  17. Field Performance of Cells • When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases. • The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc. Crystalline cell 2%down 0.4 – 0.5 (%/deg) Efficiency (%) Amorphous cell 0.25 (%/deg) Summer timeon roof top(65C) Typical(25C) Module Temperature (deg.C)

  18. Startup by IITD Alumni : Mr. Bablu Kumar“Off-grid Electrification of Village Khaira BegiDistrict -Chatra, Jharkhand, India”.

  19. Village Khaira BegiDistrict -Chatra, Jharkhand, India”.

  20. VILLAGE AT A GLANCE Economy of the village is mainly depended on the agricultural activities. Paddy is main crop of this village.

  21. Solar PV Plant Layout

  22. PROJECT BRIEF • Installation of a 5.80 kWp stand alone Solar PV Plant • 20kWh Panasonic make Lithium Ion battery for energy storage. • Mini Grid has been installed in the villages and each household are through localized distribution line. • During the day time, surplus power will be utilized to run productive load such as rice huller and solar water pumps. • Each house is having a provision of Lighting, Fan and Mobile charging.

  23. Project Summary

  24. Tariff Fixation and Revenue Collection • Based on the preliminary interaction, it was found that villagers are willing to pay for the use of power supplied by solar mini grid. • A fixed tariff of 100 Rs. /Months for domestic use • A tariff of 150 Rs./Month for livelihood useslike pump and rice huller. • A village energy committee has been constituted a five members including 2 Male and 3 Female. • To monitor/manage the operational and financial issues. • Village energy committee will also circulate the annual income to all household so that every consumer can know the financial status.

  25. Present Status

  26. Measureable Impacts

  27. Native Energy Resources

  28. Solar Thermal Power Plants No Fuel Cost and No Exotic Chemical Pollution…..

  29. Solar Thermal Systems • Solar thermal systems convert sunlight to thermal energy (Internal Energy or Enthalpy of Working substance) • The output temperatures of non-concentrating solar (Flat Plate) collectors are limited to temperatures below 200°C. • Categorized by reflector/collector types • Parabolic/cylindrical: single axis forms “trough” • Paraboloidal: axis of revolution forms “dish” • Spherical: approximates paraboloid, but focus can move to track sun

  30. Processes at a flat-plate collector For A Steady State Steady Flow System: FRis the collector heat removal factor,  is the product of transmittance-absorbance, U is the overall loss coefficient, Acolis the collector area, G is the incident radiation. Tinand Tamb are the fluid inlet and ambient temperatures respectively . How to increase G???

  31. Concentration of Solar Power Parabolic Trough Collector The parabolic trough collector consists of large curved mirrors, which concentrate the sunlight by a factor of 80 or more to a focal line. Parallel collectors build up a 300–600 metre long collector row, and a multitude of parallel rows form the solar collector field. The one-axis tracked collectors follow the sun.

  32. The Concentrator • The theoretical maximum possible concentration factor is 46,211. • However, real systems do not reach these theoretical maxima. • It is finite because the sun is not really a point-shaped radiation source. • The maximum concentration temperature that can be achieved is equal to the sun’s surface temperature of 5500°C. • If the concentration ratio is lower, the actual value of maximum temperature decreases. • This is because, on the one hand, it is not possible to build an absolutely exact system, and on the other, the technical systems which transport heat to the user also reduce the receiver temperatures. • If the heat transfer process stops, though, the receiver can reach critical high temperatures.

  33. Solar Thermal Power Plant

  34. Guaranteed Capacity In contrast to photovoltaic systems, solar thermal power plants can guarantee capacity. • During periods of bad weather or during the night, a parallel, fossil fuel burner can produce steam. • This parallel burner can also be fired by climate-compatible fuels such as biomass, or hydrogen produced by renewables. • With thermal storage, the solar thermal power plant can also generate electricity even if there is no solar energy available.

  35. Solar-biomass Power Plant

  36. Hybrid Power Plant

  37. Native Energy Resources

  38. ONE TIME RESOURCE Capital Resource INCOMING RESOURCE SOLAR ENERGY CO2 + H2O PHTOSYNTHESIS SOLAR RADIATION WINDS VEGETATION VELOCITY CHEMICAL ENERGY THERMAL WAVE WIND ENERGY CLOUDS OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY FOSSILIZATION RAINS HYDRO ENERGY COAL FOSSIL FUEL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS Creation of Wind Energy Source on Earth The Sun provides 175 million million watts of power to the Earth’s atmosphere. Of this, approximately 1-2% is converted to wind energy.

  39. Rotation = r *W Wind = V0 a Relative Wind = Vr Schematic of Wind Turbines

  40. Wind Flow Past A Locked Wind Turbine

  41. The Power Donating Stream Tube of A Wind Turbine

  42. Characteristic Parameter of A Wind Turbine Rotor The axial induction factor (of rotor) a is defined as: The available power in a cross-section equal to the swept area A by the rotor is:

  43. Non-dimensional Measure of Wind Turbine Capacity The absorbed poweris often non-dimensionalized using Pavailto define power coefficient CP: The power coefficient for the ideal 1-D wind turbine may be written as:

  44. The Compact Ideal Wind Turbine

  45. The Power Extraction Analysis

  46. Native Energy Resources

  47. Hydrological Cycle

  48. The West Flowing River: The Sharavathi The river Sharavathi originates at a height of 730m near Ambuthirtha, in Shimoga district. It flows in a north-west direction, in its long, 132-km journey.

  49. patm H Head Available for Power Generation

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