Teenagers!!!

1. Teenagers!!!

2. The term ‘teenagers’ was not used until 1950 • Often people would get married an move out of their parents home by the time they were 21 • Teenagers of this period changed this – they began to reject the seemingly dull, timid, old-fashioned and uninspired British culture around them • They sought new pleasures and activities that were often totally at odds to what their parents thought was acceptable! Teenagers in the 1950s

3. 1. Cultural influences • Film, television, magazines, rock music. • In particular American influences on European teenagers – Rock and Roll (Elvis), Film stars (James Dean) • Impacted fashion, language and activities Teenagers in the 1960s - Influences

4. 2. Consumer goods • Provided teenagers with the tools to cultivate their own styles in clothes, haircuts, and even travel. • This spearheaded a generation gap between parents and their children Teenagers in the 1960s - Influences

5. 3. Financial power • They had cash to spend on self-indulgent purchases e.g. they soon had their own fashions, music, cafes and by the end of the decade their own transport – scooters! Teenagers in the 1960s - Influences

6. "...De-teddyfying the teddy boy..." Mr. Butler • October 1958

7. The Pill 1961 – gave women more control over their lives – they married and started families later. This increased women’s opportunities in education and employment. • Abortion Act 1967 – came into effect 1968. Made abortion legal in the UK. How did teenagers and students behave in the 1960s and early 1970s?

8. Caption • 'Just another adult TV production for Christmas, old boy' Embedded text 'Horror'"Cinderella" shelved by BBCSnow White (Tale of a teenage girl living with seven dwarfs)Sex-mad HappyGangster GrumpyDopey the JunkySleepy the DrunkIncurable Sneezyand Doc the Abortionist

9. 1. They worshipped their idols • Bands like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones came to be leaders of youth culture and were worshipped almost as gods by teenagers Changing behaviour

10. 1950s had seen Elvis Presley • 1960s – The Beatles, The Who, The Rolling Stones and The Kinks • The Stones openly sang about sex and drugs • The Who regularly smashed up equipment on stage • The Stones and The Beatles were regular trapped in hotel rooms by screaming teenage girls • 1964 – The Beatles sold 25 million records worldwide • 1965 – The Stones sold 5 million copies worldwide of the song ‘Satisfaction’ • Top of the Pops ran from 1964 until 2006 • 1960s saw the explosion of popular radio • Pirate Radio Stations emerged. The most famous being Radio Caroline that broadcasted in the North Sea. It became the most popular station in Britain – it was shut down and BBC Radio One was born in 1967 1960s music

11. Caption • THAT NEW DANCE[.] CREEPERS come to the County Ball • 1953

12. They became more daring when it came to expressing themselves • Teenagers adopted trend setting behaviour whereas before trends had been set for them • The mini skirt – a controversial fashion trend of the 1960s Changing behaviour

13. Caption "Oh, I do so hope so, Miss." Embedded text Up with mini skirtsMini-skirts are foreverDior 1966

14. 3. Emergence of youth subculture • Youth based subcultures became more visible e.g. Mods and Rockers • Mods – viewed as sophisticated with their scooters • Rockers – a more macho image on their motorcycles • 1964 – several well publicised battles between the two groups at seaside resorts • Later subcultures included hippies, skinheads and punk rockers Changing behaviour

15. Caption "The poor darling! The medicine we've been giving him is much too nasty!" Embedded text The 'Modern' Mixture builds bonny children!Ingredients : No Punishment, No Hard Work, No difficult exams, No Beating

16. 4. More violent and criminal behaviour • Teddy boys – played a role in attacking black people during Notting Hill riots. • Teenage drug use – cannabis in particular • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmpMyJOF8xo&feature=related Changing behaviour

17. Hippies • Focus was ‘Peace’ and ‘Free Love’ • Associated with use of drugs particularly cannabis and LSD • 1967 – Summer of Love – 50,000 young hippies gathered for a three day ‘love-in’ • There was a national petition to legalise Cannabis – signatures included The Beetles and some of the Rolling Stones • 1968 – large rally calling for Cannabis to be legalised • Most Hippies did not opt out of society. Most hippies had full-time jobs and returned to offices, shops and factories after events at the weekend Opting Out

18. 5. Public Protest • 1958 the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was formed and organised well publicised protest marches • 1960s political demonstrations which sometimes led to violence – the Vietnam War Changing behaviour

19. Caption Published caption: 'What's "A Lecture" Mavis .... ?' Notes News (4th March) Students rally in Trafalgar Square to protest for increased student grants. 1968

20. Embedded text Student Protest Student DemonstrationStudent MarchStudent Hunger StrikeStudent BoycottL.S.E. Notes News (14th March) Students at the London School of Economics protest over discipline. This results in an all night protest. The Director of the institution is jeered after imposing some suspensions (The Times Index, March - April, 1967) Caption"When did this urge to get down to some studying come over you?"

21. Caption "Peace in Vietnam and brotherly love to all men! - And if any lousy fascist doesn't agree with me I'll smash his head with a paint pot!" Embedded text RedMiddle-aged Don trying to be'with-it'Honours degree in violenceTextbook on riotingThesis on 'sleep-ins'Danger - you are now entering a place of learning 1968

22. Teenagers attitudes to sex changed • Teenagers were becoming sexual mature earlier as a result of being bigger and healthier than before • Improving antibiotics means STDs were easier to treat • The contraceptive pill was available • Pop stars and celebrities exploits made sex fashionable • Alfie showed a young man happy to move from affair to affair disregarding the consequences – until an illegal abortion leads him to a breakdown • Successful but hugely controversial film at the time • The Contraceptive Pill was not available until 1969, family planning clinics would only give the pill to married women until 1970 • 1964 unmarried women could get the contraceptive pill from Brooks Clinics but by 1966 there were only 4 of these clinics in the country 1960s Sex mad?

23. Embedded text • Churches may start a Marriage BureauDaphne DesperateRosie Built to lastMaggie Sex madCynthia Good teethMaude AffectionateGertrude Docile • Notes • News: 28 October: Christian marriage Bureau suggested. (The Times Page 15 col b) Caption'George Frederick Potts, which wilt thou have to be thy wedded wife..?"

24. 14. How far did the lives of all teenagers change in the 1960s and early 1970s?

25. Free to all up to the age of 14 • Managed under the Tripartite System • Grammar schools – entry exam, academic focus • Secondary technical schools – very few of these were built, focused on mechanical, scientific and engineering skills to serve industry and science • Secondary Moderns - designed for the majority of pupils - those who did not achieve the grade needed for grammar schools Education

26. Criticised from the late 1940s for their perceived low standards • Replaced with comprehensive schools in the 1960s • Comprehensives provided free education from 11 to 16 years • Prevented children who failed the 11-plus exam feeling like second class citizens Secondary Moderns

27. Post WW2 many new universities were founded (Warwick, Norwich, Kent, York) • 30 new Polytechnics also set up • 1960s and early 1970s witnessed an enormous expansion in the number of full-time university students. • Grants and fees were also paid by Local Education Authorities – gave those from poorer backgrounds the opportunity to go to university. Expansion of university education